Arab Diaspora in the USA in the Novels of Diana Abu

Introduction The American society can be described as a melting pot of culture with different people of different nationalities with different cultures coming together to form a nation. The history of America depicts a continent that is sparsely populated by the Indian tribes of America who are the original residents of the continent and whose existence is in jeopardy due to assimilation.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Arab Diaspora in the USA in the Novels of Diana Abu-Jaber Arabian Jazz and Crescent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The dominance and identity of the different races in the American society can be attributed to the time of their arrival in America and their numbers as well thus giving them a strong position in being accepted in society. This issue has been the biggest challenge to the minority groups that came to America late, and whose numbers are still low compared to other communities. Thus, they have tended to be made to look like outsiders in a country where their ancestors came and were buried. One minority group that has suffered the stigma of not being easily accepted in the society is the Asian group and specifically the Arab society. Most of the Asians who have migrated to America have tended to stick to their culture thus further alienating themselves from the community that is so diverse. This issue has therefore affected the reception of the Arab American literature and its acceptability in society because it ropes in their cultural practices and beliefs, which are not subscribed to by other communities as Hassan (‘The Rise of Arab American Literature’ 248) reveals. As the study reveals, in a bid to change this situation, authors such as Abu-Jaber have come up with novels written in a form that would integrate the peculiarities of Arab literature with the mainstream American forms of writing as a way of finding acceptability in the American literary world. The study therefore provides a detailed review of the Arab literature using Abu-Jaber’s works as the basis of argument. Reading Arab American Literature America’s nature as a melting pot of culture is rich in different forms of literature that tend to identify with different groups. This diversity has been the only way for many different groups making up the American society to retrace their steps and curve out an identity for their society. As Majaj finds, by so doing, different communities in the American society have turned to literature as a way of expressing their culture and practices as well as a way of preserving the same for the future generations (69).Advertising Looking for dissertation on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The effect of a mosaic society is that the cultures of the groups in that society tend to fade with practices that are more acceptable across the board remaining firm as the only ways the society has for a common ground. Many writers in America have therefore focused their style of writing on what is perceived to be acceptable to their ethnic or racial communities as a way of selling or educating the larger society of their culture. The success of literary writers in society has therefore been pegged on the perception of the society on the community of the specific writer and its attitude towards the style of writing the writer will adapt (Hassan ‘Arab American Autobiography’ 9) because the levels of tolerance for different communities’ practices differ. In most instances, these practices are informed by culture. Strong and rigid culture has been known to attract resentment due to its nature of not conceding anything in exchange for acceptability. Acceptability of culture in society has always been hinged on the universality of the practices making up the culture as well as practices that are tolerable. T his one aspect about society has gone a long way to determine the acceptability of literary works in the American society. The different ethnic groups in the American society play a big role in promoting the works prepared by the members of their community through the numbers in the sales of books. Communities with big numbers tend to promote the sales of one of their own thus reflecting the outcome as a success. Minority groups can only attract sales from their own, which in the end will be too little to count. Therefore, the population number in the society of given communities counts so much when it comes to success in writing unless the writers’ work is not a reflection of the society from where they are coming. Arab American literature has gone through so many challenges since the first Arab writers started to publish works in the United States of America (Hassan ‘The Rise of Arab American Literature’ 247). To date, the Arab American literature is still in a state of transformation in such a way that it cannot be definitely defined.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Arab Diaspora in the USA in the Novels of Diana Abu-Jaber Arabian Jazz and Crescent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In her interview with Abu Jaber, Shalal notes that most Arab American writers have struggled to penetrate the American society beyond their communities because of literary, social, and political issues that have for a long time acted as an inhibition to their growth. Arab American literature comes across as work meant to preserve and defend a culture as well a society where most cultures have been melted together. The Arab American society has been defined along cultural, political, and religious lines, which have been resented by the larger American society (Orfaela 117). The need by the Arab Americans to maintain their culture has been expressed in their literary works thus becomin g a defining point of their work. This case has made it difficult for the larger society to be attracted to the work because it pursues a narrow community’s hegemonistic interests that may not be the interest of the whole society in general. The earliest Arab American publications were newspapers that leaned on religion, which in this case is Islam and politics in their countries of origin in the Middle East. Naaman indicates that this was all done with the belief that the Arab community will one day go back to its homeland and hence the need to preserve its Arab identity (267). The need therefore made this kind of literature a preserve for Arabs who would want to one day go back to their motherland. There is no way that the works would have elicited any interest in the larger American society or commanded acceptability. Reading Arab American literature requires one to first understand the Arabic cultural practices that provide the tone for the writings. Thus, without this un derstanding, one may not be able to understand the thoughts or messages as they are being delivered. Transformations in Arab American Literature The Arab American literature has gone through so many transformations for many years since its advent because the styles and themes employed were narrow in such a way that they were specifically meant to capture a specific audience, which was the Arab community. Therefore, according to Rana, the authors were whatsoever never interested in capturing an audience beyond their community thus leading to their works being limited in scope (548). The need to uphold a form of filial piety in their works led to the Arab American writers concentrating more on a writing tone touching on their culture and in turn simply making their writings look like an Arabic translation.Advertising Looking for dissertation on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The wider American society thrives on the independence of the mind and utmost liberty, which does not expect one’s mind to be tied by cultural beliefs and laws that act as a prohibition to being a creative mind. This case therefore made the Arab American literature produced by early generation Arab Americans seem more of a critique of the American society’s practices as Ludescher (96) finds. As the Arab American literature continued to grow, it grew to a sort of nostalgic tool that would be used for craving for home by the writers. The use of Arab tradition as a defining tool for Arab American literature was simply a way of reconnecting with their homeland by the writers thus making it difficult for their literature to find acceptability among the masses (Ludescher 103). On the other hand, the need to gain acceptability by the masses has led to a change in tact by Arab American writers. In fact, they have had to come up with works that resonate positively with the soci ety they live in because the acceptability of their works by publishers has been limited due to societal expectations and stereotypes that the larger society holds towards the Arab community. As Abu-Jaber confirms in an interview with Aljadid, her work has been limited largely concerning what is acceptable for publishing. She has been forced to edit and re-edit some of her works numerous times until they have lost the lustre the writer had intended for them (Shalal Para. 2). Arab American literature has always had two themes that are identifiable with their work. These themes are religion and politics back home. These two constitute the sensitive issues in the American society because the larger American society is always on the other side of the divide when it comes to matters touching on Arabic politics and religion. Therefore, Arab American writers have been inhibited with these factors whenever they want to express them in their literary works because most publishers would not w ant them expressed in their publications. More so, they would receive condemnation from the lager society (Shalal Para. 3). In search of acceptability, the Arab American literature has had to continuously transform itself over time with the hope that it would create resonance with the American society. Much still, most of the early generation Arab Americans are now gone. In their place, there is a new generation of Arab Americans born and brought up in America, and with distant roots and touch with their motherland. This group has most of its people identified as Arabs who cannot speak a word in Arabic. Just like the black community in America, all they know of their motherland is that it was where they originated but have no roots completely. This group is at last producing writers who do not have too much attachment to their Arabic culture but in essence trying to create a balance between the two communities to which they belong. Most of the young Arab American writers have been c ritical in their writing, a fact that has endeared them to the public. Their criticism though has been balanced in that they criticise both communities. Previous Arab American writers were reluctant to criticise their community because, being in a foreign land, they felt that it would be disloyal to disown their practices. This view according to Allen has not been so with young Arab American writers who do not feel compelled by the filial piety their customs demand (474). They tend to air their views in an American fashion. Their belonging to the American society has made them understand what the society wants to hear. The big challenges that the previous Arab American writers had can still be traced to the present-day upcoming writers. The issue of politics as well as religion in the Middle East can be described to be part of any Arab identity. Arabs of all generations passionately hold and express the views. The American publishers have not tolerated the criticism of Israel in the ir works since they will be otherwise branded anti Semitic, a fact, which would have much harsher implications from the American public, which has a substantive number of the Jewish population (Shalal Para. 2). Reading the Arab American literature therefore can be interesting in that the writers employ different forms of writing that they are hopeful will endear them to the public thus making the Arab American literature a form of mosaic that cannot be defined in one way. Challenges in Arab American Literature Different writers employ different styles that they hope will identify them as Arab Americans because no single writing style has established a foothold in the Arab American society. The continuous transformation of the styles can be attributed to a need to find a foothold. Therefore, according to Albakry and Siler, the latest style by younger Arab American writers that tends to be critical of their own society is just one of the ways that are being followed to find a standing point for the same (113). A critical point that should be noted about the Arab American literature and acceptability in society is the political situation around the world. Though the Arab American literature had started picking up, it was upset by the 9/11 events that have since opened new doors for alienation and stereotyping. Most Arab American writers have found it difficult to convince the literary world to look at them with a different eye thus extending the case to their work (Metres 3). The larger society tends to look at them with a suspicious eye thus resenting any form of writing that is defensive of the Arabic culture or one that seems to be promoting it. Reading the Arab American literature, one finds that more women dominate this field than would be expected of the Arabic culture. As Naaman points out, women have used Arab American literature to find their lost voice in a society that is believed to be patriarchal (269). It has been identified as one way that women ha ve found a platform to communicate their problems to the larger society, which for a long time has been shut out of the goings in the Arab society or which has been disinterested in the Arabic culture. The difference that comes out is that most Arab American male writers have tended to lean towards the status quo because they are the beneficiaries of the system at the end of the day. Cultural Integration Abu-Jaber has employed symbols in different ways in her novels to reveal the theme of culture. They can be identified in the way she has portrayed her subject and the main themes that come out of her work. The division of cultures is identifiable in this work. The motif here can be described as half-half experiences by the characters (Limpar 483). This technique is metaphorically presented in her work when she portrays her characters as belonging to two worlds to which they are torn apart in identifying with. In the Arabian Jazz, Matussem’s family is seen to belong to two wor lds that refuse to fuse comply. The characters are made to shed so much of either world to be accepted in one world. Nora complains of her life in Jordan where she suffers from gossip from other women. Her two worlds refuse to integrate completely because her American descendants granted her freedom while her new life as an Arab wife is meant to take away the free will (Limpar 485). Matussem too has a division of the two worlds when he marries an American wife. He learns and admires the American lifestyle thus ending up gravitating and finally relocating to America. Jemorah is a representation of two halves with one being an American half while the second one is an Arab half. These two halves are represented in her race as well as her culture whereby she cannot fully define herself as American nor Arab. Her origin and skin colour describe her as Arab while her home, the American home country, defines her by the American culture, which she is supposed to identify with. Jazz music too has been defined into a half- half. In the Arabian Jazz, the music whose origin is African American has been called Arabian jazz thus depicting it as being found in two worlds. Sirine who is the protagonist in The Crescent has also been depicted as belonging to two worlds. Thus, her existence is half – half. Her half Arab and half American have been used to show the confusion that Arab Americans face especially the young ones with very little connection to the Arab world. The American influence is so strong that it is difficult to ignore or simply do away with while the Arab influence too is strong and emanating from the family. The half–half world is full of confusion as the characters strive to fit in the two worlds while at the same time trying to find a sense of belonging. Abu Jaber’s book, ‘The Arabian Jazz’ strategically presents the theme of seeking self-identity for Arab Americans especially the immigrants. The author writes from an Arab-Am erican point of view by bringing out the situations that many Arab Americans experience in their live away from home. The Arabian Jazz explores the different ways Arab Americans have tried to integrate themselves into the American society. This integration has more so been driven by the need to find a new home and a sense of belonging now that circumstances have driven them away from home. The author has chosen fiction as the best way to bring out the story of the Arab American society in America because the use of fiction can allow her to expand her narration and include so many different experiences in one text (Cherif 215). Retelling a real life story sometimes limits the author to specifics that happened. This case might just inhibit the way the author wishes to tell the story. This argument reveals why Abu-Jaber in the Arabian Jazz has chosen to use fictitious characters to retell a story that so many Arab immigrants undergo (Hartman 160). Abu-Jaber uses music as a meeting poin t between two cultures that have a few commonalities in the American society. El-Hajj and Harb find that she uses jazz to marry the Arab and the African, American communities, which are known to be the owners of Jazz music (139). Due to the need to seek identity in a society that is racially prejudiced, the author portrays a society that is trying to find a starting point for its acceptability in a new civilisation. Matussem finds himself at a loss on what he should do to become fully acceptable as an American because the best linkage he had to the American society was his wife who is now demised. The picture of an Arab man trying to raise two daughters in a foreign culture makes the story more interesting to read. Abu-Jaber has fused the two cultures through music when she indicates in the book that the racial card used against Arabs made them try to find a definite group to identify with it. In this case, the issue of Arabs not being defined as white nor black leaves the character s in the book hanging in between therefore forcing them to find on their own the closest group they can identify with (Fadda-Conrey 189). Therefore, for not being white enough to be fully accepted to be white, the characters choose black as the group to be identified with as one that they seem to have common tribulations. Thus, jazz has been used to connect the two groups together as a form of identity search. Jazz in this case can be viewed as a metaphor to portray a person who identifies himself or herself with something he or she is not. Jemorah seeks to find her identity in this case. She settles for black as her identity because she is not acceptable as a white though her mother was white while her father was of the Arabic origin (Abu-Jaber ‘Arabian Jazz’ 294). Music as a Cultural Tool The author has used music to create a bridge between two communities. In this case, jazz has been chosen because it is the music originating from the black community, which the Arabs are leaning towards in search of their identity. While responding to her employer’s ridicule, Jemorah says that her paternal grandmother was black and that she used such roots to identify herself as black (Abu-Jaber ‘Arabian Jazz’ 295). Thus, this identity with blacks can only have a common ground in music because, at the end of the day, the Arabic and the black culture seem to have a distant meeting point. Music is sweet to the ears since it tends to attract attention from all. Music beats from any community are danceable by people from all societies without even understanding it. Therefore, the author’s employment of music as a platform for marrying the two cultures is a seamless way of integrating the Arab story into the American society without making it look foreign. The author has used music to integrate the Arab culture into the American culture in the conservative Arabic way. This strategy can be found in the choice of jazz as the music to integra te the two cultures. Arabic culture is very conservative in nature and hence the reason why Arab Americans have taken too long to integrate into the American society. On the other hand, jazz as music is acceptable across the board. Its appeal does not seem to offend conservative groups and hence its acceptability within the Arabic setting. Therefore, the choice specifically of jazz has been deliberate due to the need by the author to relate the black culture and the Arabic culture. The use of music also fuses well with Arab oral tradition, which is one of the ways the Arabs use to pass their culture down to the next generation. Thus, its use in this case cannot be viewed in the extreme of being just Arabic but as an entertainment topic. Therefore, music has been used in this book by the author to create a common ground between the Arab American community, the African American community and the larger white American community. More so, it fuses the Arab American community and the Afr ican American society. Food as a Cultural Tool Food has been used as a cultural symbol in the Arabian The Crescent as noted by Fadda-Conrey (194). Food for Sirine and Hanif is their private language since their words flow into eating (Abu-Jaber ‘The Crescent’ 266). Food in this case is a bridge that brings together the different communities not only the Arab communities. It can be defined as a unifying factor for foreigners seeking to create an identity of their own in a country where their race is prejudiced. Food is the common ground for others who wish to mix with other cultures. It is seen when the two police officers who love the Arab stew become identifiable with foreigners at the restaurant. It simply depicts them as different persons in their community who are also bended on affiliating with groups that are not their own. The Arab restaurant is a melting pot of culture. Arabs from different parts of the world are seen to come together and shed their ethnic and t ribal identities to adopt a single identity that they will further on be identified with while in a foreign country (Fadda-Conrey 189). Abu-Jaber employs the use of Arabic terms in her work thus giving it a tone that leaves the reader in a form of suspense. The suspense leads the reader to connect the meaning of the foreign words used in the text from the whole text thus drawing him or her to read further. Food has been used by Abu-Jaber to mean the glue that binds people. The closest the characters in The Crescent have come to have a common ground has been through food. The author has avoided the use of politics and religion as the common ground for her characters due to the reaction that these two subjects evoke when it comes to Arabs and America (Shakir 42). Therefore, the author has cleverly brought in the subject of food as a means of creating a ground where characters in the work meet. Food can be viewed here as a metaphor more than what it is, food. It can also be used to des cribe a form of ethnic belonging for a given group of people. The author has used it to bring together the different Arab groups from the East, West, South, and North. Around food, these people find a common ground since it depicts an emotional bonding session for a group of persons far away from their motherland (Bardenstein 165). The attachment that the characters have towards the traditional food means that they have failed to detach from their motherland. Longing for their motherland food can be construed to mean longing for their motherland. Though the characters in the stories are in America and are expected to be automatically Americanised, this case does not happen as so. Sirine can be viewed differently from other immigrants coming to the cafà © where she works. Whereas these other characters in The Crescent can be described as first generation immigrants, Sirine is not one because she was born and brought up in America. However, her attraction towards identifying with her motherland drives her to find work in an Arab restaurant. The confusion that she goes through makes her fail to get married until late when she meets her Arab crescent in the form of Hanif. Conflict in Need for Identity Abu Jaber’s work explores a situation in a society where two cultures are meeting despite their being incompatible. The American culture is full of freedom and liberal tones while the Arabic culture is full of conservatism and old order, which is affecting a generation of Arab American children who are torn between being Americans and fitting well in society or sticking to their Arab culture to live in the old order one. Matussem is divided on what to follow when he marries an American woman and/or when it comes to the need to follow his Arab roots. This division of thought drives him to leave for America after he falls for the American dream, which means freedom but which is opposite to what his mother would expect of him as an Arab. Therefore, he leaves his country to a place where as, Abu-Jaber puts it, â€Å"he could recreate himself† (‘Arabian Jazz’ 260). The characters in the book are divided on what identity to conform to since the forces around them seem too strong to betray. Fatima dissuades Jemorah from going back to Jordan- a country where she was brought up in and where the real Arab culture thrives because of her memories of suffering that she encountered. When she flashes back her life then and her life now in America, she finds America a better place to stay. The conflict is therefore brought in the mind of the characters on what to choose from between the two societies. They are torn between their two new cultures with one that takes away their freedom and the other one that restores the liberty. The Arab culture is discriminatory in this case because it gives men all the freedom. As Matussem’s aunt puts it, â€Å"a man could let himself fly into the world like an arrow† (Abu-Jaber †˜Arabian Jazz’ 99) meaning that men would be allowed to do anything as compared to women who would not be allowed to break any rules. In the Arabic culture therefore, women were the preservatives of culture as they were supposed to observe it strictly. In The Crescent, the main character (Sirine) is an Arab American who fails to psychologically accept the American culture thus choosing to uphold her Arabic culture. The dream of the character can be found in the Iraq exile Hanif with whom the character falls in love. Hanif can be described as Sirine’s crescent and an answer to Sirine’s cultural dilemma because Sirine refuses to be identified with the American culture fully. Her leaning towards her Arabic culture seems to be controlling her choices thus leading her to finally fall in love with a real Arab. While observing culture in the two books, the distinction that comes out is that the Arabian jazz tends to portray characters willing to be identified with the American culture while the crescent leans towards characters who are conservative wishing to preserve their culture as much. Food has been used in The Crescent as a symbol of unity and identity because it is believed to bring Arabs of different origins together to the cafà ©. The Role of an Arab Man The writer uses imagery in describing the Arab man as being like an arrow that shoots into the air to depict the amount of freedom that Arab men enjoy at the expense of their women. In the Arab setting, women are supposed to be obedient and submissive to their men. They are also not supposed to break any rules pertaining to their culture as depicted by Fatima when she describes men as having been born lucky. They can do whatever they want. They are not supposed to be reprimanded or criticised especially by women. Matussem has all the freedom to make decisions on where he wants to settle down. Thus, he goes away from his homeland to settle in America. Though he has chosen America as his new home, he is divided on whether to bring up his daughters the American way or bring them up strictly in the Arabic culture. This confusion shows the freedom men have in making their decisions and at the same time depicting the limitations they are supposed to put in a woman’s life (Albakry and Siler 112). Matussem according to his native Arabic culture is supposed to bring up his daughters in a purely Arabic manner though he is not tied by the same culture. By choosing to play jazz music, which is black American, the writer depicts the freedom of choice that Arabic men have in deciding their destiny. Matussem chooses jazz as a way of integrating himself into the American society though Jazz is a Black American music and not Arabic music. He could have chosen to play Arabic music if he wanted. However, due to the freedoms he has, like an arrow, he shot where his heart sent him. The Subject of Tragedy The author’s portrayal of Fatima is that of a custodian of the old order. Fatima is meant to represent the Arabic culture in its real form as traced to her views on the American culture. She was simply meant to come to America to keep an eye on Matussem so that he does not stray from his culture. The experiences that Fatima has gone through portray the patriarchal society that the Arab community is when she narrates her experiences as a young Arab girl, which include her witness to her sisters being buried so that Matussem being male is able to enjoy a better upbringing (Abu Abu-Jaber ‘The Crescent’ 119). The use of narration in this case with folklore opens up the closed Arab culture that a reader might not understand and make the reading of the work more interesting. The narration of Fatima’s experiences can be traced in the short lines that the author employs to create breaks in her narration giving it poetic sounds. Tragedy has been employed to narrate Fatima’s story and to further reinforce the picture that the auth or wishes to paint on the differences of the two communities. Fatima in this case is trying to run away from the memories of her childhood as well as those of her motherland, which haunt her. Therefore, to protect her fellow Arab woman who has not experienced the same from going through what she went through, she opens up her painful childhood secrets that have never given her peace. She narrates to Jemorah these scary childhood experiences as a way of dissuading Jemorah from going to Jordan. Conclusion The author Diana Abu-Jaber has been able to transcend the two cultures that she belongs to in the effort to come up with very strong literary work. The author has used her writing skills to paint the picture that Arab Americans especially the younger generation born in the United States of America go thorough in their pursuit of identity. Abakry and Jonathan find that, through her fictitious characters, the author has been able to construct the lifestyle of typical Arab Americans, th eir culture, as well as their challenges (118). The advantage that the author has is that she is able to narrate her stories from an insider’s point of view thus giving an almost true story or real life story. The Arabian Jazz can be directly related to herself because it is a reflection of what she has gone through in her life living as an Arab American in both Jordan and the United States of America. The mixing of literary styles has brought about uniqueness in her work. Abu-Jaber has employed both English and Arabic literary styles to give her stories. The story about Arabs in the United States of America can only be best told in a mixture of both Arabic and American context to capture the attention of the intended audience without losing the plot (Majaj 71). Most of the present Arab American population is made up of generation of Arab Americans who have loose connections to their heritage. In her interview with the Al Jadid paper, Abu-Jaber talks about a generation of Ara b Americans who can neither speak nor understand Farsi nor Arabic. Therefore, it would only be prudent for any writer targeting this group to factor in these issues. The contrast between Abu-Jaber and previous Arab American writers is that she chooses to write in English ostensibly to attract a bigger audience to her work. Works Cited Abu-Jaber, Diana. Arabian Jazz. New York: Norton and Company, 1993. Print. Abu-Jaber, Diana. The Crescent. New York: Norton and Company, 2003. Print. Albakry, Mohamed, and Jonanthan Siler. â€Å"Into Arab American Borderland: Bilingual Creativity in Rand JAR RAR’S Map of Home.† Arab Studies Quarterly 34.2(2012): 109-121. Print. Allen, Roger. â€Å"The Happy Traitor: Tales of Translation.† Comparative Literature Studies 47.4(2010): 472-486. Print. Bardenstein, Carol. â€Å"Beyond Univocal Baklava: Deconstructing Food as Ethnicity and the Ideology of Homeland in Diana Abu-Jaber the Language of Baklava.† Journal of Arabic Liter ature 41.1-2(2010): 160-179. Print. Cherif, Essayah. â€Å"Arab American Literature: Gendered Memory in Abinader and Abu Jaber.† MELUS 28.4(2003): 207-228. Print. El-Hajj, Hind, and Sirene Harb. â€Å"Strandling the Personal and the Political: Gendered Memory in Diana Abu Jaber’s Arabian Jazz.† MELUS 36.3(2011): 137-158. Print. Fadda-Conrey, Carol. â€Å"Arab American Literature in the Ethnic Borderland: Cultural intersections in Diana Abu Jaber’s Crescent.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 187-205. Print. Hartman, Mitchelle. â€Å"This Sweet/Sweet Music: Jazz, Sam Cooke and Reading Arab American Literary Identities.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 155-165. Print. Hassan, Wail. â€Å"Arab American Autobiography and Reinvention of Identity: Two Egyptian Negotiations.† Journal of Comparative Poetics 22.1(2002): 7-35. Print. Hassan, Wail. â€Å"The Rise of Arab American Literature: Orientalism and Cultural Translation in the Work of Ameen Rihani.† American L iterary History 20.12(2008): 245-275. Print. Limpar, Ildiko. â€Å"Narratives of Misplacement in Diana Abu Jaber’s Arabian Jazz, Crescent and Origin.† Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies 15.2(2009): 483-488. Print. Ludescher, Tanyss. â€Å"From Nostalgia to Critique: An Overview of Arab American Literature.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 93-114. Print. Majaj, Lisa. â€Å"Arab American Literature: Origins and Developments.† American Studies Journal 52.2(2008): 63-88. Print. Metres, Philip. â€Å"Arab American Literature after 9/11.† American Book Review 34.1(2012): 3-4. Print. Naaman, Mara. â€Å"Post Gibran: Antology of New Arab American Writing.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 266-271. Print. Orfaela, Gregory. â€Å"The Arab American Novel.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 115-133. Print. Rana, Swati. â€Å"The Production of Nativity in Early Syrian Immigrant Literature.† American Literature 833.3(2011): 547-570. Print. Shakir, Evelyn. â€Å"Mothers Milk: Women in Arab American Autobiography.† MELUS 15.4(1988): 39-50. Print. Shalal, Andera-Esa. Diana Abu-Jaber: The Only Resonse to Silence is to Keep Speaking, 2012. Web. www.aljadid.com/content/diana-abu-jaber-only-respnse This dissertation on Arab Diaspora in the USA in the Novels of Diana Abu-Jaber Arabian Jazz and Crescent was written and submitted by user Hazel Galloway to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Arab Diaspora in the USA in the Novels of Diana Abu Introduction The American society can be described as a melting pot of culture with different people of different nationalities with different cultures coming together to form a nation. The history of America depicts a continent that is sparsely populated by the Indian tribes of America who are the original residents of the continent and whose existence is in jeopardy due to assimilation.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Arab Diaspora in the USA in the Novels of Diana Abu-Jaber â€Å"Arabian Jazz† and â€Å"Crescent† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The dominance and identity of the different races in the American society can be attributed to the time of their arrival in America and their numbers as well thus giving them a strong position in being accepted in society. This issue has been the biggest challenge to the minority groups that came to America late, and whose numbers are still low com pared to other communities. Thus, they have tended to be made to look like outsiders in a country where their ancestors came and were buried. One minority group that has suffered the stigma of not being easily accepted in the society is the Arab group. Most of the Arabic people who have migrated to America have tended to stick to their culture thus further alienating themselves from the community that is so diverse. This trend has affected the reception of the Arab American literature and its acceptability in society because it ropes in their cultural practices and beliefs, which are not subscribed to by other communities as Hassan reveals (â€Å"The Rise of Arab American Literature† 248). According to the study, authors such as Abu-Jaber have come up with novels written in a form that integrate the peculiarities of Arab literature with the mainstream American forms of writing. It is also noteworthy that Hassan emphasises that there is no â€Å"systematic account of the birt h and development of a tradition† of Arab American literature (â€Å"The Rise of Arab American Literature† 245). The works by Abu-Jaber are pieces of fictional writing that focus on hardships of Arabic women and men who cannot fully integrate into the American society. The novels display the way Arabic immigrants tried to translate â€Å"the tongue of their hearth, of irrational, un-American passions† into the language which could be understood by those around them (Abu-Jaber 304). The study provides a detailed review of the Arab literature using Abu-Jaber’s works, Arabian Jazz and Crescent, as the basis of argument. Chapter 1 Reading Arab American Literature America’s nature as a melting pot of culture is rich in different forms of literature that tend to identify with different groups. This diversity has been the only way for many different groups making up the American society to retrace their steps and curve out an identity for their society.Adv ertising Looking for dissertation on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Majaj finds, by so doing, different communities in the American society have turned to literature as a way of expressing their culture and practices as well as a way of preserving the same for the future generations (69). The effect of a mosaic society is that the cultures of the groups in that society tend to fade with practices that are more acceptable across the board remaining firm as the only ways the society has for a common ground. Newcomers have to build their new lives in â€Å"a heavily assimilationist US context†, which makes it difficult to maintain their national and cultural identity (Majaj 63). Abu-Jaber tells the story of a variety of hardships Arabic women are exposed to. For instance, Sirine often â€Å"stops and wonders if what she’s saying makes any sense† (Crescent 61). The woman is not sure that she is able to fit into the American society as she thinks differently, as she pertains to a different culture. Clearly, people around her do not take pains to understand her way of thinking as it has long been expected that everyone should share American values. It is necessary to note that there are certain reasons for this lack of tolerance since several conflicts and existing tension between Arab countries and the US (and, of course, the aftermaths of the 9/11 attack) contributed to the development of â€Å"ethnopolitical consciousness† and marginalisation of Arabic immigrants in the US society (qtd. in Fadda-Conrey 189). Therefore, there are two worlds which are often in conflict, and people (Arabic immigrants) in-between, who try to start a new life and fit in maintaining their identity. Many writers in America have therefore focused their style of writing on what is perceived to be acceptable to their ethnic or racial communities as a way of selling or educating t he larger society of their culture. The success of literary writers in society has therefore been pegged on the perception of the society on the community of the specific writer and its attitude towards the style of writing the writer will adapt (Hassan â€Å"Arab American Autobiography† 9) because the levels of tolerance for different communities’ practices differ. In most instances, these practices are informed by culture. Strong and rigid cultures have been known to attract resentment due to its nature of not conceding anything in exchange for acceptability. Acceptability of culture in society has always been hinged on the universality of the practices making up the culture as well as practices that are tolerable. This one aspect about society has gone a long way to determine the acceptability of literary works in the American society. The different ethnic groups in the American society play a big role in promoting the works prepared by the members of their communit y through the numbers in the sales of books. Communities with big numbers tend to promote the sales of one of their own thus reflecting the outcome as a success.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Arab Diaspora in the USA in the Novels of Diana Abu-Jaber â€Å"Arabian Jazz† and â€Å"Crescent† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Minority groups often attract sales from their own, which in the end can be too little to count. Therefore, the population number in the society of given communities counts when it comes to success in writing unless the writers’ work is not a reflection of the society from where they are coming. Nevertheless, there are loads of exceptions to this trend as minority groups’ writings often attract attention of the entire American society. This is the case with Abu-Jaber’s writings. Thus, Field claims that Abu-Jaber’s Arabian Jazz was â€Å"warmly received by the American public† (208). Though, it is also necessary to note that some works face certain rejection or lack of understanding as publishers are reluctant to bring out books and require â€Å"sweeping changes† as they are afraid of low popularity of the book (Field 208). However, minority groups’ books are often received positively as Americans are becoming more tolerant. Arab American literature has gone through so many challenges since the first Arab writers started to publish works in the United States of America (Hassan â€Å"The Rise of Arab American Literature† 247). To date, the Arab American literature is still in a state of transformation in such a way that it cannot be defined. In her interview with Abu-Jaber, Shalal claims that most Arab American writers have struggled to penetrate the American society beyond their communities because of literary, social, and political issues that have for a long time acted as an inhibition to thei r growth. Arab American literature comes across as work meant to preserve and defend a culture as well as society where most cultures have been intermingled. Abu-Jaber is one of many writers who feel the need to tell about their experiences and to help others to cope with similar problems. More so, Abu-Jaber states that she also wrote her books to help young people of Arabic descend to learn more about their culture, to help them build â€Å"their own micro cultures† (qtd. in Shalal para 12). The writer creates a microcosm of fictional works which can guide young people searching for their identity. The Arab American society has been defined along cultural, political, and religious lines, which have been resented by the larger American society (Orfaela 117). The need by the Arab Americans to maintain their culture has been expressed in their literary works thus becoming a defining point of their work.Advertising Looking for dissertation on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This case has made it difficult for the larger society to be attracted to the work because it pursues a narrow community’s hegemonistic interests that may not be the interest of the whole society in general. Though, as has been mentioned above, the contemporary American society is steadily changing and Americans become more tolerant and they are ready, at least, to learn more about (if not to accept) different mind-sets and different cultures. The earliest Arab American publications were newspapers that leaned on religion, which in this case is Islam and politics in their countries of origin in the Middle East. Naaman indicates that this was all done with the belief that the Arab community would one day go back to its homeland and hence the need to preserve its Arab identity (267). The need therefore made this kind of literature a preserve for Arabs who would want to one day go back to their motherland. Reading Arab American literature requires one to first understand the Ara bic cultural practices that provide the tone for the writings and want to know more about this culture. Without this, one may not be able to understand the thoughts or messages as they are being delivered. Transformations in Arab American Literature The Arab American literature has gone through so many transformations for many years since its advent because the styles and themes employed were narrow in such a way that they were specifically meant to capture a specific audience, which was the Arab community, even though they were often written in English. Therefore, according to Rana, the authors were whatsoever never interested in capturing an audience beyond their community thus leading to their works being limited in scope (548). The need to uphold a form of filial piety in their works led to the Arab American writers concentrating more on a writing tone touching on their culture and in turn simply making their writings look like an Arabic translation. The wider American society t hrives on the independence of the mind and utmost liberty, which does not expect one’s mind to be tied by cultural beliefs and laws that act as a prohibition to being a creative mind. This case therefore made the Arab American literature produced by early generation Arab immigrants seem more of an attempt to perpetuate traditional Arab literature as Ludescher (96) finds. The use of Arab tradition as a defining tool for Arab literature was simply a way of reconnecting with their homeland by the writers thus making it difficult for their literature to find acceptability among the masses (Ludescher 103). However, younger generations had another view on the matter as they were â€Å"bred on the American ideals of liberty and progress† (Ludescher 95). Kahlil Gibran, Ameen Rihani and Mikhail Naimy were some of those Arab American writers who questioned Arabic conventions and claimed they were not applicable in the American society. Clearly, this does not mean those writers f orgot about their roots or tried to alienate themselves from Arabic culture. Nonetheless, they showed that Arab Americans were a part of the multi-ethnic American society. Abu-Jaber follows the path created at the beginning of the twentieth century and believes this approach is suitable for the twenty-first century. In fact, she and other Arab American writers have come up with works that resonate positively with the society they live in because the acceptability of their works by publishers has been limited due to societal expectations and stereotypes that the larger society holds towards the Arab community. As Abu-Jaber confirms in an interview with Shalal, her work has been limited largely concerning what is acceptable for publishing as the climate is often â€Å"simply not conducive to publishing a book about the expulsion of the Palestinians after the creation of the state of Israel† (Shalal Para. 3). She has been forced to edit and re-edit some of her works numerous tim es until they have lost the lustre the writer had intended for them (Shalal Para. 2). Arab American literature has always had two themes that are identifiable with their work. These themes are religion and politics back home. These two constitute the sensitive issues in the American society because the larger American society is always on the other side of the divide when it comes to matters touching on Arabic politics and religion. Therefore, Arab American writers have been inhibited with these factors whenever they want to express them in their literary works because most publishers would not want them expressed in their publications. More so, they would receive condemnation from the lager society (Shalal Para. 3). In search of acceptability , Arab American literature has had to continuously transform itself over time with the hope that it would create resonance with the American society. Much still, most of the early generation Arab Americans are now gone. In their place, there i s a new generation of Arab Americans born and brought up in America, and with distant roots and touch with their motherland. This group has most of its people identified as Arabs who cannot speak a word in Arabic. Just like any other descendants from minority groups, all they know of their motherland is that it was where they originated but have no roots completely. This group is at last producing writers who do not have too much attachment to their Arabic culture but in essence trying to create a balance between the two communities to which they belong. Most of the young Arab American writers have been critical in their writing of American culture or some of its conventions, a fact that has endeared them to the public. Their criticism though has been balanced in that they criticise both communities. Previous Arab American writers were reluctant to criticise their community because, being in a foreign land, they felt that it would be disloyal to disown their practices. This view acc ording to Allen has not been shared by young Arab American writers who do not feel compelled by the filial piety their customs demand (474). They tend to air their views in an American fashion. Their belonging to the American society has made them understand what the society wants to hear. Importantly, writers and young Arab Americans also want to write and read about it. They do not only seek to be accepted and integrated into the mainstream American culture. Noteworthy, Arab Americans have developed a new perception of their life in the USA. They have incorporated major values of both cultures in their understanding of the world and the way it should be. Abu-Jaber as well as other contemporary Arab American writers has managed to express (from the Arab American perspective) â€Å"a valuable message of understanding in a society founded upon a wealth of cultural combination† (Cherif 226). It is necessary to note that the American society is ready to accept this viewpoint and Americans are now eager to examine new ways of development of a truly multi-ethnic democratic society. The big challenges that the previous Arab American writers had can still be traced to the present-day upcoming writers. The issue of politics as well as religion in the Middle East can be described to be part of any Arab identity. Arabs of all generations passionately hold and express their views. Some American publishers have not tolerated the criticism of Israel in their works since they are afraid of being branded anti-Semitic, a fact, which would have much harsher implications from the American public, which has a substantive number of the Jewish population (Shalal Para. 2). Some publishers are reluctant to release books which can be disturbing or can cause negative reactions from any groups of people. Moreover, political tension between the US and Arab countries contributes to development of this trend. It is true that American society is now rather politicised and political discourse affects the way the entire society develops. For instance, the events after the 9/11 attack revealed abundance of prejudice which existed in the American Society. Americans became hostile to representatives of the Arabic world and Arab Americans were also perceived as aliens. However, at present, people are eager to face the diversity of the American society. Americans are ready to hear different voices and face the changes which are taking place. Arab American writers are raising questions which are already in the air. Arab Americans, other minority groups as well as the majority of Americans are trying to understand how to live in the world which is transforming. These people are trying to let alone political or economic terrains and focus on day-to-day life of Americans and Arab Americans. Admittedly, this leads to understanding and appreciation. Americans learn more about life of Arab Americans and understand they are very similar as their major values are the same. Ar ab Americans as wells as Americans strive for peaceful life in a society where people are not alienated or discriminated. Moreover, Arab Americans and Americans are now ready to be more open and try to cooperate with each other, not only co-exist within certain area. Reading the Arab American literature therefore can be interesting in that the writers employ different forms of writing that they are hopeful will endear them to the public thus making the Arab American literature a form of mosaic that cannot be defined in one way. Challenges in Arab American Literature Different writers employ different styles that they hope will identify them as Arab Americans because no single writing style has established a foothold in the Arab American society. The continuous transformation of the styles can be attributed to a need to find a foothold. Therefore, according to Albakry and Siler, the latest style by younger Arab American writers that tends to be critical of their own society is just o ne of the ways that are being followed to find a standing point for the same search of their identity (113). Admittedly, these young are not Arabic as they have already been brought up on somewhat different values, or rather on a broader set of values. These people have adopted many ways accepted in the American society. This does not signify their rejection of their identity or their eagerness to forget about their roots. They have been surrounded by different systems of values, Arabic (coming from their parents and relatives) and American (coming from their friends, teachers, neighbours, partners, etc.). They feel they cannot blindly adopt Arabic values which make sense in the Arabic world but are somewhat limited in the western world. These young writers are not already in-between the two world, they are becoming parts of the global multi-ethnic community. They are more open as Americans and all western people, but they are also devoted to their culture, language and identity as any Arabic individual. A critical point that should be noted about the Arab American literature and acceptability in society is the political situation around the world. Though the Arab American literature had started picking up, it was upset by the 9/11 events that have since opened new doors for alienation and stereotyping. Most Arab American writers have found it difficult to convince the literary world to look at them with a different eye thus extending the case to their work (Metres 3). The larger society tends to look at them with a suspicious eye thus resenting any form of writing that is defensive of the Arabic culture or one that seems to be promoting it. Reading the Arab American literature, one finds that more women dominate this field than would be expected of the Arabic culture. As Naaman points out, women have used Arab American literature to find their lost voice in a society that is believed to be patriarchal (269). And Arab American community is still rather patriar chal as even though they have adopted a lot of American values, some families still cherish their ancestors’ values when it comes to gender roles. For instance, Abu-Jaber reveals hardships of Arabic women living in the Arabic world through the character of Fatima who is strongly attached to patriarchal values of her homeland. She stresses that it is really hard to be a woman who should be devoted to the man in the family. Thus Fatima sees the only way out, i.e. to â€Å"have husband to survive on the planet of earth† (Abu-Jaber Arabian Jazz 117). Hence, the writer shows that even among Arab Americans there are families where females are somewhat marginalised within a family, though younger generations still find their ways to build their families in accordance with their new Arab American values. It has been identified as one way that women have found a platform to communicate their problems to the larger society, which for a long time has been shut out of the goings i n the Arab society or which has been disinterested in the Arabic culture. The difference that comes out is that most Arab American male writers have tended to lean towards the status quo because they are the beneficiaries of the system at the end of the day. However, now lots of influential male intellectuals are supporting Arab American feminists as they have also adopted many values of the western society (Cherif 214). This can be a great stride forward as Arab American literature will not be divided into male and female writing. Both groups will shed light on complexities of Arab American integration into the American society providing insights into different aspects of the issue. Works Cited Abu-Jaber, Diana. Arabian Jazz. New York: Norton and Company, 1993. Print. Abu-Jaber, Diana. The Crescent. New York: Norton and Company, 2003. Print. Albakry, Mohamed, and Jonanthan Siler. â€Å"Into Arab American Borderland: Bilingual Creativity in Rand JAR RAR’S Map of Home.† Arab Studies Quarterly 34.2(2012): 109-121. Print. Allen, Roger. â€Å"The Happy Traitor: Tales of Translation.† Comparative Literature Studies 47.4(2010): 472-486. Print. Bardenstein, Carol. â€Å"Beyond Univocal Baklava: Deconstructing Food as Ethnicity and the Ideology of Homeland in Diana Abu-Jaber the Language of Baklava.† Journal of Arabic Literature 41.1-2(2010): 160-179. Print. Cherif, Essayah. â€Å"Arab American Literature: Gendered Memory in Abinader and Abu Jaber.† MELUS 28.4(2003): 207-228. Print. El-Hajj, Hind, and Sirene Harb. â€Å"Strandling the Personal and the Political: Gendered Memory in Diana Abu Jaber’s Arabian Jazz.† MELUS 36.3(2011): 137-158. Print. Fadda-Conrey, Carol. â€Å"Arab American Literature in the Ethnic Borderland: Cultural intersections in Diana Abu Jaber’s Crescent.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 187-205. Print. Hartman, Mitchelle. â€Å"This Sweet/Sweet Music: Jazz, Sam Cooke and Reading Arab American Lite rary Identities.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 155-165. Print. Hassan, Wail. â€Å"Arab American Autobiography and Reinvention of Identity: Two Egyptian Negotiations.† Journal of Comparative Poetics 22.1(2002): 7-35. Print. Hassan, Wail. â€Å"The Rise of Arab American Literature: Orientalism and Cultural Translation in the Work of Ameen Rihani.† American Literary History 20.12(2008): 245-275. Print. Limpar, Ildiko. â€Å"Narratives of Misplacement in Diana Abu Jaber’s Arabian Jazz, Crescent and Origin.† Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies 15.2(2009): 483-488. Print. Ludescher, Tanyss. â€Å"From Nostalgia to Critique: An Overview of Arab American Literature.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 93-114. Print. Majaj, Lisa. â€Å"Arab American Literature: Origins and Developments.† American Studies Journal 52.2(2008): 63-88. Print. Metres, Philip. â€Å"Arab American Literature after 9/11.† American Book Review 34.1(2012): 3-4. Print. Naaman, M ara. â€Å"Post Gibran: Antology of New Arab American Writing.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 266-271. Print. Orfaela, Gregory. â€Å"The Arab American Novel.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 115-133. Print. Rana, Swati. â€Å"The Production of Nativity in Early Syrian Immigrant Literature.† American Literature 833.3(2011): 547-570. Print. Shakir, Evelyn. â€Å"Mothers Milk: Women in Arab American Autobiography.† MELUS 15.4(1988): 39-50. Print. Shalal, Andera-Esa. Diana Abu-Jaber: The Only Resonse to Silence is to Keep Speaking, 2012. Web. www.aljadid.com/content/diana-abu-jaber-only-respnse This dissertation on Arab Diaspora in the USA in the Novels of Diana Abu-Jaber â€Å"Arabian Jazz† and â€Å"Crescent† was written and submitted by user PrinceofOrphans to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The God Or Gods

‘necessary existence’ are logical part o... Free Essays on The God Or Gods Free Essays on The God Or Gods There are three major arguments that attempt to explain the existence of God. Firstly, it is important to establish a definition of God. According to philosophers God is an infinitely perfect being that upholds a divine unity of ultimate goodness and of ultimate power. God is referred to as Omniscient, Omnipotent and Eternal. God has unlimited knowledge and intelligence, so basically God is the ultimate model of perfectionism. Though all Philosophers agree with this definition of God, it does not state whether or not this ideal concept of God exists. The Ontological, Cosmological and Teleological have been developed throughout time to attempt to prove God existence. There have also been many criticisms into these arguments, which attempt to disprove each argument. The Ontological argument was developed by Anselm; a theist who argued for the existence of God. In his argument he refers to God as a perfect being, therefore ‘that than which nothing greater can be conceived’. He began his argument by saying that even a ‘fool’ (atheist) can grasp or understand the concept of a being than of ‘which nothing greater can be conceived’ as they already have an understanding or idea of what it means in their mind. Though this idea exists in their mind, it does not mean God doesn’t exist in reality. Anselm refers to God as a perfect being, and because he is so perfect he must have infinite perfectionism, therefore Anselm is arguing that if God lacked existence he would not be perfect, as he is perfect he must exist. There are many criticisms to why Anselm’s Ontological argument fails. Kant saw Anselm’s argument as merely a word game, playing on words and not reality. In this sense, Kant sees the Ontological argument as an exercise in verbal analysis, the means where anyone can anaylse the meaning of a word or concept, and draw a logical explanation from it. Therefore, Anselms’ words ‘necessary existence’ are logical part o...

Answer the question about plagiarized Assignment

Answer the question about plagiarized - Assignment Example Also, it is unethical for attorneys to lie as they seek for justice in a courtroom. [b] The charges to attorney Cannon from the bankruptcy court were right for the situation. The charges were to make Cannon learn from his mistakes and give him the experience of being diligent and ethical in the attorneys’ profession. The charge of completing a course in professional responsibility would edify his skills in handling future legal presentations. The other one of disgorging the fee charged to his client would make Cannon feel the pain and guilt of doing a shady job. [c] I agree with the court reasoning. One of the distinctions in the Lane case is that he did not immediately acknowledge the plagiarism when the judge asked him to certify the authors. Lane responded after several months in a manner meant to bury the plagiarized treatise. Another distinction is that Lane represented a more egregious case than of Cannon. 7. One should do the right thing at the right time. If it is time for study there is what is expected of you which is doing thorough research to understand a certain topic. When it is exam time it evident that you should concentrate on your paper. 8. Terrence Des Pres think that human moral sense is an evolutionary survival strategy. I agree with him as he says that something innate keeps men and women steady in their humanness despite inhuman pressure (Pres, par 12). 9. A good life is the utilizing of every chance you have to get the best fulfillment no matter the situation. As Des Pres says we need each other to survive in the social level hence one should embrace

Ex-fellons and the right to vote Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ex-fellons and the right to vote - Essay Example In some states of the United States of America, ex-felons, that is the people who committed a crime and have served the concomitant sentence, are not allowed to vote. This very provision not only deprives a good proportion of the citizens of their essential and basic rights, but also in a way tends to compromise their sense of dignity and respect. In a social, political, legal and humanitarian context, the ex-felons should have the right to vote in this country. The provision of debarring the ex-felons from voting is not only anti-democratic, but also contrary to the objective of enabling the ex-felons rejoin the society as worthy equals. It could reasonably be understood that a great many people tend to have reservations, as far as the task of taking an initiative about mixing with and employing ex-felons is concerned. Yet, the very society which punished these people for the crimes they committed also carries the responsibility of assuring that once they have served their sentence, they do not get stigmatized and persecuted, once they are set free. However, the provision for restricting the ex-felons from voting not only amounts to a state sponsored persecution, but also does much to further alienate and sideline these individuals. Genuinely speaking, how could one expect these people to rejoin the society as law-abiding and responsible citizens, when they state formally declares them to be untrustworthy, by debarring them from voting. Ma ny people tend to put forward the argument that serving a sentence is not a guarantee that the ex-felons have abstained from their criminal and unlawful tendencies. However, at a deeper analysis, this argument smacks predominantly of abject prejudice, rather than being logical enough to deserve a blanket generalization. There was a time when many thought that the blacks should not have the right to vote. There was

Impact of Boosters on Collegiate Athletics Essay

Impact of Boosters on Collegiate Athletics - Essay Example The researcher states that today, it could be seen often that recruited star collegiate athletes come to big colleges confident that in their respective sports, they will get a national championship. All of a sudden, the collegiate athlete’s way of life changes and he starts driving around college in a brand new automobile. These successes ensue, because the collegiate athlete directly receives money from some wealthy booster who is making efforts to live out the rest of his life through promising, young and susceptible athletes. The researcher focuses on the discussion of such issues and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of such programs and boosters. Every successful coach has several boosters. The most powerful boosters can lobby college presidents and politicians and boosters who are rich and influential can ensure that the coach obtains a lot of money for his shows such that he feels respected. In most cases, boosters’ violations of NCAA rules involve givin g cash or other gifts to individual coaches, providing enrolled collegiate players with additional benefits and the recruitment of potential collegiate players. Boosters are not allowed to provide them with any special arrangements including reduced-price housing, free meals at restaurants, expense money or movie passes. The researcher then concluds that athletic boosters should stick to the virtue of giving their support to athletic programs allowing the directors of athletics and coaches to assign the money in such a way that the whole team benefits.

Marks and Spencer 2009-2010 Financial Analysis

Marks and Spencer 2009-2010 Financial Analysis This report aims to perform a financial analysis of Marks and Spencers, between 2009 and 2010. Generally, a companys financial statements reflect a certain period of changes in financial position and operating results. Thus, by analyzing the companys financial statements will be able to operate throughout of a basic understanding with its strength, financial adaptability and performance of company. As the annual report is provided information and content to all ranges of users, which includes the companys existing shareholders, potential investors, creditors, government and the nature of other users. Therefore different users of accounts may concentrate in only a few important parts of accounting data and business information. Ratios To compare the revenues across two years, MS has gained 9062.1m in 2009 and then growing to 9536.6m in 2010. It is also likely to continue to trend upward due to their long-term strategy and improved market share. MS managed their costs cautiously, paid attention and responded to their customers changing needs. Profitability Ratios Gross profit % 3618.5/9536.6 3371.9/9062.1 =37.94% =37.21% The figures show on the gross margin has increased from 37.21% to 37.94%, this increase may have arisen from the production costs or from a sales with a good sales value. Thus, MS is able to control its production costs and achieve and optimum sales price and sales quantity. It can be an indication of marketing effectiveness. Pre-tax profit % 702.7/9536.6 706.2/9062.1 =7.37% =7.79% The net profit margin is 7.793% in 2009 and decreased to 7.368 % in 2010. This shows the amount of the net profit from each  £1 turnover a business has earned. After-tax profit % 523/9536.6 506.8/9062.1 =5.48% =5.59% Performance Ratios After tax profit as a 523/2168.6 506.8/2081.7 shareholders funds =24.12% =24.35% Return on Investment 523/7153.2 506.8/7258.1 =7.31% 6.98% The ratio indicates that from 6.98% in 2009 which has increase to 7.31% in 2010. This is a very important ratio for all users of financial statements. Along with the rate of the degree is more efficiency on production, higher profitability MS will get. Earning per share 33.5p 32.3p This ratio used as indicator of financial performance. Compare to 2010 since 2009, there has been 1.2p increased from 32.3p to 33.5p. Dividends per share 15p 22.5p Return on capital 523/ (7153.2-1890.5) 506.8/ (7258.1-2306.9) Employed =9.94% =10.24% This ratio indicates the amount of capital invest in the company in the long term and with the return achieved on that capital. Based on the figures above, the percentage in 2010 has been decreased compare to year 2009. Overall business activities and corporate profitability, the stronger the higher the profitability; return on assets reflects shareholders and creditors  profitability of investment funds; return on equity reflects the profitability of the shareholders to invest.   Liquidity Ratios Current ratio 1520.2:1890.5 1389.8:2306.9 =0.804:1 =0.602:1 According to the rule says that the current ratio must be at least 2 which mean the current asset needs to be double to meet the current liabilities. the quick ratio is a relatively safe, low efficiency of the suspected high, too low, there may be poor management.In 2009 Marks and Spencers only had 0.602 worth of current assets for every pound of liabilities. Even though it has been increased to 0.804 in 2010, they were still unable to support its short term debt from its current assets. The company has considerably less cash in 2010 than in 2008. Quick ratio (1520.2-613.2):1890.5 (1389.8-536):2306.9 =0.48:1 =0.37:1 This ratio provides severe test of liquidity by omitting stocks. The ratio has increased from 0.37 to 0.48. Gearing 2278/2185.9 x 100% 2117.9/2100.6 x 100% =104.2 =100.8 The ratio concerns on long term capital structure. It indicates the relationship between debt and shareholder funds. If borrowings is bigger than equity, there will be a highly gear and this can raise more money as the higher the level of gearing, the greater the risk. Debt ratio 4967.3/7153.2 5157.5/7258.1 =0.694 =0.711 The ratio indicates debt is covered by shareholders funds. The debt to equity ratio shows for every  £1 of shareholders funds in 2009 there was  £0.711 of debt. This compares to  £0.694 in 2010, it has decreased. Short-term liquidity refers to the ability of companies to repay short-term debt.  Short-term solvency deficiency, not only will affect the credit, increasing the future cost and difficulty of raising funds, but also enables companies in financial crisis, or even bankruptcy.   The impact of internal factors Profitability  is  the core  concern  in all aspects, as well as  the key to success. Hence, only profitable companies can survive and achieve long-term sustainable business.  This is the reason whether investors or  creditors are both reflected very seriously in  the rate of  profitability of the business.  Views at 3 April, 2010, group revenues were increased 5.2% to 9.5bn, this is benefited from the growth of market share in the clothing and food market conditions improve. Based on UK sales of 2.9% and international sales of 5.7% increase, from the Singer Capital Markets analyst, Matthew McEachran, said MS non-food business has a good performance to some extent offset by a large-scale impact of profit sharing, making the companys annual earnings expectations basically reached the outside world.   Firstly, as a result of improving consumer confidence has seen the clothing market return to growth. Womenswear value market share grown to 10.7%, due to MS seems expanded their focus group of all ages and lifestyles. Chairman of MS, Stuart Rose said: In the past year, we achieved all the core areas of performance improvement, reflecting MS has a good brand influence. In bringing the company out of  economic crisis, we focus on the factors that consumers care about, namely, quality and value. At the same time, the economic outlook as consumers is still worried about a certain degree, so we are also cautious about the operation of current fiscal year. Therefore by way of retain their position as market leaders, it needs to deliver clothing for Every Women, Every Time. Which means every customer can have the product they want, in the right size, color and style every time when they shop in MS. Furthermore, lingerie has grown volume market share to 18.9% and value market share to 25.9%. This significant indicate that one out of four women buying MS underwear. This gain benefits continued emphasis on innovation and provides lingerie solutions women want. Similarly for menswear and kidswear, in order to become fashionability, MS has more focused on improving the style and designs, putting effort on deliver the best quality. Secondly, food sales of MS is another main revenue income, there was increased 1.8% to 4.3bn in 2010. One of the reasons is deflation with falling food prices and customers were buying more. According to MS annual report shows share of the apparel market in the UK rose 0.3% to reach 11.2%.  At the same time, with the level of consumer spending recovery, all branches of MSs sales are to achieve growth.   Since the summer of 2007 MS achieved comparable sales growth for the first time. However, despite the implementation of price-cutting strategy, MSs market share from 3.9% to 3.8%.   Shop Your Way is another reason of changes in profitability. It is a new ordering service, allowing customers either shop in stores, place orders online or over the phone. This makes an advantage that increasing the efficiency, delivered a strong performance, hence, sales grown by 27% to 413.3m. During 2009/10 international sales were up 5.7%, accounting for 10.2% of total revenues. Although it is hard trading in the Republic of Ireland and Greece, MS  insists international growth plans. India and China  considered as two key regions  overseas expansion.  As India  are convinced that  with  the tremendous  economic  development,  in the next  5-10  years,  there will be a large number of  middle class appear  in the community,  and they  will become  MSs  potential customers. The reason  placed such  high expectations  on overseas markets,  due to the  financial crisis  of this  hundred years old  business  in the local  enormous challenges encountered.  Because of  customers  are choosing  cheaper cost goods supermarket such as TESCO  and o ther  procurement,  caused MS  this past  Christmas  sales  worst  since 1998,  the year,  MS was forced to close  up more than 25  franchised  food  supermarkets and  lay off  thousands. Viewing the clothing market trends in China, MS seem to underestimate the Shanghai consumers fashion needs. According to the survey of Financial Times, consumers were disappointed with MS selling the old fashion of T shirt. Similarly as Daily Mail survey, most of the female consumers thought the only items MS worth buying is lingerie. And other clothes are too old and boring, prices also expensive with little choice. From the above reflects the consumers point of view, MS clothing market in China is still in a position of British middle-aged level, they did not know the elderly in China has been spending very little on clothes, even though they chose are the cheaper ones. Therefore in order to b uild a platform of long term growth, MS is continuing international expansion. Ensure creating sustainable business in these countries; represent a great opportunity for MS. However, on the premise of that, plan for regional variations and accurately stock with right colors and sizes are important. At present  there are more than  30 countries  around the world  with approximately  760  branches  of MS,  became  the most representative of  the UK  chain stores  and clothing  retailers.  In the global  environment from being damaged  under the impact, MS in  November 2007  implement a 5 years eco-plan called PLAN A to  cope with climate change  and other environmental  conservation issues  and the implementation of  waste reduction,  conservation of natural resources,  fair trade, etc.  to create  the correct  concept of environmental protection  of the  health  state.  In 2010  the scheme  had already reached  five main  objectives which are become carbon neutral, send no waste to landfill, extend sustainable sourcing, help improv e the lives of people in supply chain and help customers and employees  live a healthier life-style. This five main goals represent five key areas (climate change, waste, sustainable raw materials, fair partner and health and safety), and they divided for environmental protection and ecological 100 commitments.   From the promotion of PLAN A of the past twelve months, MS has been achieved: reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 55,000 tons within the shops and offices , supporting small-scale farmers feel investing in renewable energy production, the creation of three eco-store testing, purchase 140 air-powered environmental goods, the carbon footprint of the implementation of food programs to reduce waste activities, MS has begun to allow customers to reduce the use of shopping bags and to promote recycling and reuse of old clothes. In addition, MS is also working to reduce product packaging, not only to increase the use of recycled materials, and improve the recycling rate of building materials. In the development of sustainable resources, introduction of more fair trade higher goods, such as organic cotton, organic linen and recycled polyester material. Furthermore, increase 48% in sales of organic food. In a fair partner part of the promotion of fair trade certified products. PLAN A was succe ssfully established with suppliers trading patterns, and increased by 20% fair trade food sales. In terms of health, MS remove those 99% with artificial colors and spice rack food from sale and reduce the sodium content of food. PLAN A advocated by the environmental program has become internationally recognized as the practice of business ethics, but also by the Financial Times reported in March 2007 recognize as the best understanding of consumer needs, and focus on the popular social and environmental enterprises. According to the choice of partners, to promote social responsibility, health view on behalf of the establishment, removal of unhealthy products, able to recognition MS to improve the environment, green determination and enthusiasm. As a result, PLAN A gained 50m additional profit for MS. Ensure MS become succeeds, governance also affect the profitability. Focus on how to get things right across the business during 2009/10, a trusted brand, strong leadership, clear plan, motivated employees and delighted customers as well as right checks and balances. The impact of external factors One of the impacts of external factors on the profitability of MS will be their competitors. 40% compared to a decline in profits last year has been a great improvement though, but as the UKs largest clothing retailer, MS is far behind Next, John Lewis and Debenhams.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  MS in the economic crisis hit, especially deep, as it has been the face of competition from discount chain Primark clothing market share and strive to maintain.  It also recognizes too late to adjust their own high-end food business.     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  The company as it started in full force, in terms of the introduction of cheap Wise Buys food products, such as the introduction of a new clothing line Indigo.   in order to reduce size of the deficit, the British newly formed coalition government plans to value-added tax rate from the current 17.5% to 20%, which will have a significant impact on MS.  Ross said the analyst meeting, MS almost certainly raise prices by the way the VAT increase onto consumers.  Ross also pointed out that since the budget announcement from Ireland, the countrys trade situation to achieve a steady improvement.  

The Separation of Church and State in America Should NOT Be Absolute E

Religion is the most influential factor in human society. It is the core of our existence and has become a way of life in all cultures. The impact religion has had on the United States is overwhelming. This country was founded on the principle of Christianity. Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence, and James Madison articulated our countries' constitution with the belief that the Christian faith would establish and govern this great society. Merriam-Webster's online dictionary defines religion as, " any specific system of belief, worship, conduct, etc., often involving a code of ethics and a philosophy." (merriam-webster.com) This definition incorporates all individuals. All American citizens, acknowledging or not, are included in a belief system. Even atheism; belief if no God, is a form of religion. During the past thirty years or so, our country has seen a decline in the role of religion. With people casting shadows over their religion and putting their faith in separation of church and state, we have seen our country developing moral relativity. This moral relativity is dangerous ground. Most people are ignorant of their religion, not being able to give reasons for their belief. This religious illiteracy in America today has tragically developed the notion that separation of church and state should be absolute; thus creating a moral relativity which has had devastating impacts on our country. Religious literacy is something American citizens should explore and value. This literacy is the understanding of the beliefs of people; being able to justify one's religion through external evidences. Most Americans cannot do this. The major religion of the United States today is Christianity. Over 90% of the p... ...try of good citizens, we need to get away from this notion of relative morality, and turn towards the belief that this country was developed upon, that is to say the absolute right and wrongs Christianity has to offer. Only then can sustain our society, a moral society. Works Cited Ken Ham (1). "Crumbling Foundations" https://answersingenesis.org/why-does-creation-matter/crumbling-foundations/ Ken Ham (2).https://books.google.com/books?id=MxrCs0vNWkUC&pg=PA94&lpg=PA94&dq=What+we+are+seeing+in+our+society+is+an+outward+expression,+in+more+and+more+of+its+ferocity&source=bl&ots=TKjL9zwFLw&sig=cyMKbGBed4NBcpCD3Z0sbDVKY9c&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAGoVChMI0bDtw5HlxwIVTNgeCh0T0AiP#v=onepage&q=What%20we%20are%20seeing%20in%20our%20society%20is%20an%20outward%20expression%2C%20in%20more%20and%20more%20of%20its%20ferocity&f=false http://www.merriam-webster.com/

Descriptive essay: Harry Potter Essay

The soft white carpet that stretches throughout the house stops, at the doorway of the room. The chocolate brown and polished, wooden floor takes the place of the carpet. The room is surrounded by earth tone colored walls giving it a feel of nature. On top of the walls are uniquely designed molding frames that present a stylish statement. Abundant natural light shines through wooden blinds of the window which is located on the left side of the room. The full sized bed is against the wall and has floral sheets, fluffy pillows, and pattern designs that complement the theme of the room. The desk next to the bed is cluttered with scraps of paper, workbooks, and erasers crumbs. Pencils, pens, and markers are neatly placed in a purple pencil box at the left corner of the desk. Two feet away from the desk stands a tall built in closet that is six feet away from the foot of the bed. Across the closet is the wall that has an entire section filled nearly dozens of collages of captured memories. There is a fleeting aroma of a collection of different fragrances purchased at Bath and Body Works. The perfumes and lotions are lined up on top of the bookshelf. The first row of the bookshelf has a music player and two picture frames of family and friends. The second row is stacks of school textbooks starting with Pre-Calculus to AP Psychology and ending with SAT workbooks. The last row has boxes filled with old photos, colorful paper, and an old, rusty pile of old school assignments. Next to the shelf is an old ladder that protrudes from the wall adjacent to the keyboard. Accessories like rings, necklaces, and bracelets are either hanged or placed carefully on the ladder. The black and gray keyboard stands next to the ladder and has an assortment of dusts lying on the surface of the white and black keys. The top pile of clothes touch the right side of the keyboard and the clothes, are stacked on the comfy white couch waiting to be washed. The white couch sits idly against the wall, and a taller white bookshelf is next to it. The first row of the bookshelf has different albums with genres like country, pop, and rock music standing up. The next three rows has books in an arrangement of books starting with childhood favorites, progressing to chapter books, and a collection of many different series of books like Harry Potter, all the way to The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants. The final row consists of colorful and creatively designed scrapbooks and yearbooks. This tall shelf is also the shelf next to the door, and ends the exploration of the personalized bedroom.

Gcse Prose essay Essay Example

Gcse Prose essay Essay Example Gcse Prose essay Essay Gcse Prose essay Essay The book Frankenstein was written by Mary Shelley. Mary finished writing the book in 1817 when she was just 19 years of age, but the book was not published till the start of 1818. Mary conceived the idea of Frankenstein in 1816 the year without a summer. In that year Mary and her lover at the time, Percy Shelley took a trip to Lake Geneva to see Lord Bryon but all outdoor events they planned were cancelled due to the weather. This meant their whole summer was spent indoors talking only ever about science and the supernatural. After reading a supernatural story they came up with the idea that they each write a supernatural story and the best story would win. Mary thought of an idea which produced Frankenstein. Marys inspiration to write Frankenstein came from a number of things, for example: James Lind, the mentor of Percy Shelley while he was at Eton. He was well known because of his interest in animal electricity. At Eton he was probably one of the first people in England to demonstrate Electro-medical experiments in which he made dead frogs jump like living ones. The Genre of Frankenstein is a Gothic genre. Gothic genre usually tells a story of horror and romance. As in the case of Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein creates the monster which establishes the horror, the other side of the story is the romance with Victor and Elizabeth. In the end these two differences meet where the monster kills Elizabeth, the combination of these two ideas produces a gothic but wonderful storyline. 1st Para The basic plot of Chapter 23 is that the monster is on the loose and kills Elizabeth. A search takes place with no success. : Mary Shelley has used this chapter to express the feelings of the characters, mainly Victor. At the start it explains the thoughts of Victor and the monster through Pathetic Fallacy, using the weather to describe how the tension is building up and that it would be released soon. Further on it describes Victors thoughts and feeling after he hears, and then finds, that the monster has killed Elizabeth. Mary Shelley moves the reader to feel empathy with the narrator in the scene where Victor expresses his love for his dead wife. To him she almost appears to be sleeping: as she lay, her head upon her arm and a handkerchief thrown across her face and neck, I might have supposed her asleep. This contrasts sharply with the horror of what has happened, and the reader is reminded of this in the same paragraph: The murderous mark of the fiends grasp was on her neck. Mary Shelley then introduces another emotion, that of anger. In his anger Victor goes on the search for the monster, he then starts questioning himself about why did he make the creature and could he live with this. After the unsuccessful hunt he goes back to the room where Elizabeth is dead and lays with her. He is still questioning himself and feeling immense amount of guilt for what he has done. However at the end of the chapter he thinks to himself: Why should I be like this? Why should I feel all this guilt? After all my life has been a tale of horrors. In this chapter Mary Shelley uses Victor as a tool to express a rollercoaster of emotions, thoughts and feelings. 2nd Para The 1st and 2nd paragraphs of Chapter 23 show greatly, the atmosphere surrounding the story. The chapter begins with calmness: transitory light lovely scene of waters, woods and swiftly changes building into a horrific storm. The Wind now rose with great violence. Here Mary Shelley has used personification to show Frankensteins mood which rapidly increases in violence just like the winds ferocity. This creates a certain foreboding atmosphere to the story. It links how stormy the weather is to the moods of the characters. Most of the sentences and phrases used in this paragraph use pathetic fallacy, which is the attribution of human emotions or characteristics to imitate objects or to nature. In addition where it says the cloud swept across it swifter than a flight of the vulture, it is showing a symbol of death, reflecting back onto the story about the deaths that have occurred and the death that happens in this chapter. Mary Shelley has the ability to manipulate the reader into a far deeper way of thought. Suddenly a heavy storm of rain descended also builds up the atmosphere and suspense, not only because of the words she has put into the sentence such as Suddenly but because of the way the sentence links to what the characters mood is like e. g. descended. This is an indication of how Victors mood is changing from being happy in paragraph 1 to anxiety and fearfulness, which will dominate most of this chapter. The storm reminds us of the night that Victors monster was created and the other stormy night that the monster went on his rampage of killing people. Finally the restless waves just adds that little bit of extra suspense. It practically tells the reader what is about to happen. Restless waves that were beginning to rise is telling that the characters moods, especially Victors, were going to rise in a way of aggression. This is because of the fear for his life because of the monster he has created. Not only does Mary Shelley build up fear and tension through comparisons but also through the vocabulary she uses. 3rd Para Throughout the 3rd paragraph in chapter 23 Mary uses words such as obscured, terrified and conflict to put fear and terror into the readers mind. She draws on peoples fear of the dark and how the imagination plays tricks on the mind when shapes cant be seen properly, but so soon as night obscured the shapes of objects, a thousand fears arose in my mind. This also reflects Victors feelings and how his fear is building too. Another way Mary Shelley puts terror into the readers mind is by using repetition. But this night is dreadful, very dreadful the way Mary Shelley writes this emphasizes whats going on, it makes you feel whatever is happening is twice as bad. Phrases such as fearful silence hold the reader in suspense as to what is going to happen next. The effect of this is to personify the silence. Elizabeths fear is shown in the 4th paragraph where she is worried about Victors agitation. She is described as trembling from the way Victor glances at her which communicated terror to her. The reader is left now feeling tense because the characters are agitated.

Anubis - God of the Afterlife essays

Anubis - God of the Afterlife essays Anubis was the god of embalming of the dead. Since jackals were often seen in cemeteries, the ancient Egyptians believed that Anubis (a god in the form of a Jackal) watched over the dead. Anubis was the god who helped to embalm Osiris, after Osiris was killed by his brother, Seth. Thus, Anubis was the god who watched over the process of mummifying people when they died. Anubis is said to be the son of the god Osiris, the first king or pharaoh on earth, and his sister Nephthys (Isis). After, Osiris was killed by his brother Seth, Anubis embalmed the body and wrapped it in linen bandages making Osiris the first mummy. After his own death, Osiris became ruler of the underworld. Anubis later defended the corps of Osiris against the attacks of Seth. Anubis was one of the most important godly officials when someone died; he guided the deceased through the underworld into the presence of Osiris and oversaw their judgment. In the Book of the Dead, he was depicted as presiding over the weighing of the heart of the deceased in the Hall of the Two Truths. The Ancient Egyptians believed that when you died, you traveled to the Hall of the Dead. There, Anubis weighed your heart against the feather of Maat. First, he steadied the scales to make the weighing fair. If your heart was heavier than the feather then it was eaten by a demon. We still talk of a heart as light as a feather to mean car-free, and heavy-hearted to mean sad. In his role as psychopomp, he was referred to as the Conductor of Souls into the afterlife. ...

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Case Study Example After the first week of her admission in school, the teacher realized that she had socially clumsy and always offensive to most of teachers or other student’s comments. The client seemed not interested in making friendship with other kids and even learning was difficult. Parents and relatives also experienced difficulties in trying to cope up with the client; thus some of them became stressed up with the situation of the client. However, while in school, the teacher decided to implement an individualized education program for the client in order to help her reduce learning difficulties and also enable the client to cope up in the learning environment; thus helping the child to achieve future goals effectively. Strategies for Medication Adherence The client has received proper medication attention that has enabled her to improve the repetitive behaviors. The significant aspects of health care provided especially the methods of interventions that can be employed to improve medic ation adherence have been of great significant to the client. One of the significant intervention measures is the educational interventions and this may involve educating the client or family members or both as this can help in improving medication adherence. ... Patients who miss appointments are often those who need the most significant help to improve their ability to adhere to medication routine; thus improving communication will improve their ability to adhere to medication procedure. Researchers have attempted to focus on strategies for improving medication adherence and this is through employing effective techniques vital for helping patients with autism problems. One of the effective strategies is patient interview technique and this includes offering basic nursing education and increasing patient communication. Listening and employing open ended questions, as well as, discussions about sensitive topics is vital. The attitude of physicians towards patient can impact patient communication because many of them will not be open to discuss sensitive matters concerning their health. Although patients cannot answer open questions, inviting them to share their stories is vital. Secondly, employing motivational interviewing strategy and this strategy takes into considerations the perception of the problems affecting patients; thus encouraging the patient to find the solution. Motivational interviewing is a strategy or technique, which involves counseling the patient of family of patient and this method, is vital because it is client-centered. The most widespread healthcare intervention technique is the prescription of medicine but medication adherence is a multifaceted and fascinating behavioral issue. Health attitudes are perceived to be a helpful and significant indicator of medication adherence and a great predictor of medication adherence. The research study conducted about patient behavioral approaches has been employed to