Marketing And Sustainability From The Perspective Of...

Marketing cannot be defined by a single aspect. Marketing is formulated by the approach of satisfying customer’s wants and needs, segmentation, targeting and positioning and meeting organizations objectives. To function effective marketing is to create awareness, market research and create a desire for a product or service to name a few. Every person in an organization is responsible for marketing. Drucker (1954) stated that ‘Marketing is not only much broader than selling. It is the whole business seen from the point of view of the final result, that is, from the customer’s point of view. Concern and responsibility for marketing must, therefore, permeate all areas of the enterprise.’ The aim of this report is to critically analyse ’Marketing and sustainability from the perspective of future decision makers’ by D. Pantelic, M Sakal and A Zenhetner (2016). In doing so, clearly defining and explaining what is meant by the term ‘sustainability’. Critically evaluating the results presented within the article. Evaluating the impact the finding will have on marketers in the industry and recommendations to marketers on how to respond to these impacts. What is Sustainability? According to World Commission on Environment and Development. (1987). Sustainability is defined by maintaining the needs of the current generation without compromising forthcoming generation’s individual needs. Chambers, Porritt and Thomas (2007) also agree that a sustainable development comes fromShow MoreRelatedB2b Branding : A Sustainability Perspective1377 Words   |  6 PagesB2B BRANDING IN EMERGING MARKETS: A SUSTAINABILITY PERSPECTIVE INTRODUCTION B2B companies, especially in emerging economies, operate in socio-economically and ecologically susceptible areas. 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Just in case a significant port ion of the resources haveRead MoreTesla Ford s Influence On American Innovation Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pagesone of the highest growth rate in U.S. This success of the company is contributed to Elon Musk, the CEO and Product Architect of Tesla (Tesla, 2014), who has a very strong vision of company’s future. Finance Tesla Motors is a public company that trades on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the symbol TSLA. From the figures below, it showed that Tesla had a net loss in 2012. It was until the first quarter of 2013 that Tesla finally posted profits for the first time in its ten-year history. Tesla sufferedRead MoreChanging Consumer Based Fashion Industry1443 Words   |  6 Pagestowards sustainability, and overall environmental awareness effect consumer decisions. From an economic perspective, looking at the opportunity cost of clothing quality, supply of produced clothing, and demand for a new found sustainable market give the fashion an industry an opportunity to grow into a more sustainable venture. As social media grew with the advancement of technology, so did the knowledge of trends within the fast moving and producing fashion industry. In a sustainability articleRead MoreResearch Methodology in Functional Areas1513 Words   |  7 PagesRESEARCH METHODOLOGY RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH IN DECISION MAKING IN VARIOUS FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF BUSINESS SUBMITTED BY: DEEPTI(0918111) KRITHIKA (0918119) NAMRATA (0918124) NITA (0918129) NIDHI(091812) SHYAMALA (0918154) RELEVANCE OF RESEACH IN BUSINESS While many business ideas blossom into successful businesses, there are many others that did not move beyond the business plan or offering memorandum. And among those that get funded and started, many fail eventually. 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And among those that get funded and started, many fail eventuallyRead MoreManaging Public Transport Using Customer Satisfaction Data837 Words   |  3 PagesPublic transport in an era where sustainability matters are thoroughly concern and have to comply with customer needs and expectation, challenges certain research on how customers perceive service quality at this sector (Fonseca et al. 2010). For instance, in service quality concept, reliability identified as significant factor to measure customer satisfaction since it can affect the way of customer or non-customer perception related with their travel experience (Edvardsson 1998). Therefore, satisfactionRead MoreNintendos Strategic Decision For New Market Space1707 Words   |  7 Pagesconsideration as well. Correspondingly, this report will analyze Nintendo’s operational decisions in the context of whether they have benefitted or hindered the company’s success. Company Strategy Nintendo sympathizes with a corporate ideology known as â€Å"Blue Ocean† strategy. The Blue Ocean entails that Nintendo will search for new market space, i.e. newer bluer waters, as opposed to creating red waters, bloodied from competition. Though this strategy is merely something to strive toward, it greatly

Investment Appraisal tools and techniques are used by many

Essays on Investment Appraisal tools and techniques are used by many organizations in the private and public sectors . Critically evaluate the differences and similarities in their use in both the private and public sectors Essay Investment Tools and Techniques An investment appraisal is the activity of calculating the effect of a problem, change or an incident on a business process. It involves assessing the viability of a given project and justifying the expenditure of the capital allocated to that project. There are various investment appraisal techniques used in the public and private sectors. They include the payback method, the average rate of return method and the net present value method. These are used by many organizations in the public and private sectors (Gotze, 2010, p. 9). The payback method is usually preferred by small businesses due to its simplicity. The payback period can be defined as the time taken for the machinery or equipment to generate sufficient net cash flow to pay for its costs. The average rate of return technique involves taking the total yield of an asset over its whole life into account. The net present value method involves taking into account the size of the inflow cash over the life of equipment, but it also makes adjustments for the timing of the cash (Erickson, 2013, p. 23). In view of these, an investment appraisal is done to determine whether an investment is worthwhile or not. Generally, businesses invest to increase their profits by making certain changes or improvements. These may include improving their operations, matching supply to demand, reducing manufacturing costs and increasing productivity and or efficiency in operations. This is common in both the public and private sectors. However, it is different for non-profit making organizations whose incentive to invest is driven by the need to improve efficiency, effectiveness and the economy of the organization. This provides value for money (Lumby, 1998, p. 31). There are some key considerations that are looked into by firms before investing. These considerations are what determines the differences between the public and private sectors. These considerations include the simplicity required, the degree of accuracy required, and the extent to which future cash flows can be measured accurately. They also consider the extent to which future interest rates can be factored in, and the necessity of factoring in the effects of inflation (Langdon, 2002, p.27). The public and private sectors consider the simplicity required due to the implementation of the project. However, the public sector is different in that they have more capital base as compared to the private sector. The public sector mostly relies on tax paid therefore they have a continuous flow of cash. On the other hand, the private sector has limited capital and so they have to factor in the simplicity in terms of implementation and cash flow. The degree of accuracy required is both in the public and private sectors. This is because most of the investments require a high degree of accuracy to ensure that the expected returns are gained (Dayananda, 2002, p. 25). Since most business investments require huge sums of cash, it is important to know the facts related to an investment and the risks involved. These require a high degree of accuracy to ensure that the returns on the investment are worthwhile. Another consideration is the extent to which future cash flows can be measured accurately. It is important for both the public and the private sectors to make investments that are sure to bring in cash that can be foreseen. This is because the organizations need to be aware of whether the investment will lead to their continued operation and even improvement, or closure due to lack of funds (Bacon, 2010, p.33). Extent to which future cash flows can be measured accurately is also important for budgeting. The public and private sectors make a budget for future income and expenses. This will enable them know which area needs cost cutting and which area needs more attention in, due to its ability to bring in more cash. It will also enable them make prior arrangements regarding their expected supply and services offered. This is common in both sectors since they both need to continue running in an efficient way and make profits (Arnold, 2008, p. 27). Another key consideration is future interest rates and inflation. Most businesses require some form of lending at some point. Most of their lending comes from financial institutions like banks. If they make an investment using cash borrowed from financial institutions, they attract an interest rate. This rates change from time to time and so they need to be factored in. This is because it affects the cash flow and if wrongly predicted, might lead to financial strains. However, this applies mostly to the private sector. This is because the public sector has an assured cash flow and can increase it at any time in various ways including increase of taxes. Inflation is also a key consideration by both sectors because they are both affected in the same way (Ross, 2009, p. 36). In conclusion, both sectors face common issues, only that the public sector has a higher advantage in others. This is because the public sector has access to a higher amount for investing and the private sector has limited. The public sector also plays a huge role in business trends therefore putting the private sector in check. This is based on the reason that there are some investments that can only be undertaken by the public sector through government projects. It enables for equality in provision of services that require a huge capital to invest in (Pike, H.U. 2008, p. 29). References Arnold, G. 2008. Corporate Financial Management: Includes Myfinancelab. 4th Edition. Financial Times Management. Bacon, F. 2010. Corporate Financial Management. Copley Custom Textbooks. Dayananda, D. 2002. Capital Budgeting: Financial Appraisal of Investment Projects. Cambridge University Press. Erickson, K. H. 2013. Investent Appraisal: Simple Introduction. Kindle Edition. Amazon Digital Services. Gotze, U. 2010, Investment Appraisal: Methods and Models. 1st Edition. Springer Langdon, K. 2002. Investment Appraisal: Finance. 1 Edition. Capston. Lumby, S. 1998. Investment Appraisal and Financial Decisions. 6 Edition. Cengage Learning Business Press. Pike, R. 2008. Corporate Finance and Investment: Decisions and Strategies + My Finance Lab. Financial Times Management. Ross, S. 2009. Corporate Finance. 9 Edition. McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

How Contract Breaches Affect Businesses Free Essays

A contract is an agreement between two parties, each agreeing to do or forbear from doing something. A contract, if properly formed, is legally binding and all parties to a contract are required to perform their respective obligations under the contract, failing which legal action can be taken. A failure or refusal to perform one’s obligations under the contract will be called a â€Å"breach† of the contract. We will write a custom essay sample on How Contract Breaches Affect Businesses or any similar topic only for you Order Now Contract breaches have wide ranging consequences both legal and practical to the parties to the contract. This article will address the various effects that contract breaches will have on businesses. Some of them are set out below:- (a) Injury to reputation – It is not good for a business’ reputation if word gets out that they have not honored their part of the contract. Other companies will be reluctant to do business with an entity which has previously defaulted on other contracts, especially when the default can be seen to be intentional or as part of a sharp business practice. The injury to reputation can be incalculable and can have long lasting effects on the company getting new business. (b) Events of default – Sometimes breaching a contract, especially if it involves payment of money, can expose you to legal action including insolvency proceedings. These will often trigger the â€Å"event of default† clause in a lot of commercial contracts, especially those involving financial institutions. This will of course have dire consequences and can affect the smooth operation of one’s business in the event an â€Å"event of default† clause is triggered. This of course goes without saying. (c) Legal fees – Breaches of contract, if serious enough, will often lead to litigation and dispute. It is no secret that legal fees can be exorbitant especially when the subject matter at stake runs into the millions. It is therefore important for all parties to involve to think carefully and try to avoid breaches of contract as the price you will pay to remedy the situation will far outweigh any good you can possibly receive from an intentional breach. d) Damage to relationship – It goes without saying that a breach of contract, especially intentional, will sour the relationship between the contracting parties. As it is often said, you should never burn your bridges and having a bad relationship with a commercial partner will not do well for one’s business and should be avoided at all costs. At the end of the day it is common knowledge that contract breaches bring nothing but negative consequences, and as far as possible, parties should try to stick to their contract obligations to the best of their ability. How to cite How Contract Breaches Affect Businesses, Papers

Fraudulent Misrepresentation Lawyers - 3 types of misrepresentation

Question: Discuss about the Fraudulent Misrepresentation Lawyers. Answer: Introduction: As per the present case Don can hold Ports Hotel liable for the loss of his passport and gold chain as the hotel is responsible for safety of their customer and their valuable too. Hotel cant take an excuse that they have written it in every room that The Management will not be responsible for valuables lost if these are not given to the front desk for safe-keeping. Writing such statements cant take away your liability. It is hotels duty for the safety of their customer as well as his / her belongings. They must ensure that no customer should face any issue because of their act or negligence. In our case Dons passport and gold chain were stolen by a burglar in hotel premises only, this shows that hotel didnt have a good security system. Hotel can be held liable under the law of strict liability. Strict liability is a legal doctrine that says a person is liable for loss or damages caused by his / her act or any failure. In the above mentioned case hotel was liable for the safety and security of the guests staying at their hotel, but hotel authority lacked in providing security to the guests. As a result a burglar came inside the hotel and carried out the deed of theft of Mr. Dons passport and his gold chain. This clearly shows that hotel has failed in performing its duty of providing security to the guests (Essays, 2013). In Bass Anne Hendricks v Shangri-la Hotel Ltd (2011) it was said by the plaintiff that Hotel failed to provide effective security to safeguard plaintiffs personal property from defendants staff or other parties. Ring was removed from plaintiffs suit without his consent. No proper action was taken to find out the lost ring even after the complaint. Court held the hotel liable for the theft of plaintiffs ring and court ordered the hotel to pay the amount as compensation to the plaintiff for the loss of his ring from the hotel premises. In current scenario hotel has one possible defense that is of past dealings (Kelly, 2013). It states that Mr. Don was a regular customer of Ports Hotel, whenever he visited Singapore he used to stay at Ports hotel only. So he was already aware about the condition of keeping valuable with the front desk for safety, if kept in room or elsewhere then hotel wont be held liable for that loss. The theft had taken place from Mr. Dons room therefore hotel can this defense in their favor and can remove their liability. Their defense can make Mr. Don equally liable for the loss of his passport and his gold chain as it was his fault that he did not kept his valuable with hotels front desk (Lilly, Barrett, 2013). Ports Hotels Responsibility for injury Ports Hotel cant be held liable for injuries of Mr. Don because they have already applied a masking tape on the glass pane on a window which was damaged and written on it that Do not Open. Even after reading the warning Mr. Don opened that window and as a result of that glass of that window broke down and crashed on him causing him small marks on his forehead. This injury could be avoided if Mr. Don took that warning seriously and have not opened that window. If he wanted some fresh air because of suffocation then he could have called any of the hotel staff to help him out. Hotel is responsible for safety of its guests thats why they marked the broken part of the window and written down the warning on that. In this case negligence is on the part of Mr. Don that he ignored the warning and opened the window which caused him injury. In this situation hotel cant be held liable as they did their duty to inform guests about the broken window. In this situation negligence is done on the part of Mr. Don therefore he cant claim any compensation from the hotel (Essays, 2013) In Butterfield vs. Forrester (1809) defendant was residing in Durby and there he built a pole on middle of a public thoroughfare, no one has given him the right to do so. It was 8 O clock in the evening of August month, and plaintiff was riding on that way, it was dark at that time on the road but the pole was visible from approximately 100 yards. As the defendant was riding rashly and violently he smashed his horse on the pole as the result defendant and his horse both of them fell on the ground. In the judgment of the case court said that plaintiff cant claim damages because he was also negligent on his part. He saw the pole from appropriate distance from where he could stop his horse but because of his negligence the accident took place and loss has occurred. Similarly hotel took proper steps to avoid accidents but Mr. Don negligently did the act of opening the window and as the resulted he ended up causing hurt to himself. So by reading the above judgment passed by the Honorable Court we can come to a conclusion that here also plaintiff that is Mr. Don cannot claim any damages from the hotel. If the situation was slightly different like if the hotel authorities have not written down any warning about the glass and then if any accident had taken place in that case hotel could be held liable for being negligent on their part, for not providing safety for their guests (Findlaw, 2017) Liability of investment loss The investment made by Mr. Don was after seeing the accounts of the Tohs Gems Company. The auditors of the company showed him that they were earning profits from last two years. Relying upon their Mr. Don invested $ 5 million with the company. When after six month the company went into liquidation Mr. Don came to know that it was a fake audited account that was shown to him at the time of investment. The reality was that company was undergoing losses from last 2 years. For the above instance the auditors will be held liable for the fraud. Auditors of the company made a fraudulent representation of their company by showing up fake accounts which was absolutely wrong (Clarke, 2016). In With v O'Flanagan (1936) sale of medical practice took place and vedor demanded 2000 a year for that. When the purchaser signed the contract, the amount was brought down to 250 but the vendor did not told this to the purchaser because vendor was suffering through an illness. In this case Lord Wright MR said that if a statement which is true at the time it was made becomes untrue after certain time then it becomes an obligation for the person who knows it to disclose that to the person who is about to complete that transaction. So it was held that it was misrepresentation on the part of vendor in the above case. In this also auditors knew that they were misrepresenting Mr. Don but they did not disclose the facts to him. They just wanted that Mr. Don shall invest in the company and they could get money. Mr. Don was believing the statements made by the auditor as true and didnt researched about the company more (Essays, 2013). It is the duty of the party who is making an offer to disclose all the true facts about the product which you are selling. Here the company wanted Mr. Don to purchase its share, so we can say that here the company was selling the product to Mr. Don so its the duty of the company that it should disclose all the correct and true facts of the company to the person who is purchasing the share so that he can make up his mind that whether the shares are to be purchased or not. But here the scene was totally different and no true facts of the company was disclosed before Mr. Don which resulted in loss of $ 5 million to him. References Bass Anne Hendricks v Shangri-la Hotel Ltd 2011 SGHC 232 Butterfield v. Forrester, (1809) 11 East 60 Clarke, P. (2016). Fraudulent Misrepresentation Lawyers. Retrieved on 10th January 2017. Retrieved from https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/fraudulent-misrepresentation.html Essays, UK. (2013). Contract Liability. Retrieved on 10th January 2017. Retrieved from https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/contract-liability.php?cref=1 Essays, UK. (2013). Tort Of Negligence. Retrieved on 10th January 2017. Retrieved from https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/tort-law/tort-of-negligence.php?cref=1 Findlaw, (2017). Negligence. Retrieved on 10th January 2017. Retrieved from https://injury.findlaw.com/accident-injury-law/negligence.html Kelly, T. (2013). When will previous dealing lead to terms being incorporated in agreements. Retrieved on 10th January 2017. Retrieved from https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/knowledge/publications/77406/when-will-previous-dealing-lead-to-terms-being-incorporated-in-agreements-a-case-note-on-la-rosa-v-nudrill-pt Lilly, R. Barrett, T. (2013). Prior dealings and contractual terms. Retrieved on 10th January 2017. Retrieved from https://www.jws.com.au/en/acumen/item/308-prior-dealings-and-contractual-terms

Arab Diaspora in the USA in the Novels of Diana Abu

Introduction The American society can be described as a melting pot of culture with different people of different nationalities with different cultures coming together to form a nation. The history of America depicts a continent that is sparsely populated by the Indian tribes of America who are the original residents of the continent and whose existence is in jeopardy due to assimilation.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Arab Diaspora in the USA in the Novels of Diana Abu-Jaber Arabian Jazz and Crescent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The dominance and identity of the different races in the American society can be attributed to the time of their arrival in America and their numbers as well thus giving them a strong position in being accepted in society. This issue has been the biggest challenge to the minority groups that came to America late, and whose numbers are still low compared to other communities. Thus, they have tended to be made to look like outsiders in a country where their ancestors came and were buried. One minority group that has suffered the stigma of not being easily accepted in the society is the Asian group and specifically the Arab society. Most of the Asians who have migrated to America have tended to stick to their culture thus further alienating themselves from the community that is so diverse. This issue has therefore affected the reception of the Arab American literature and its acceptability in society because it ropes in their cultural practices and beliefs, which are not subscribed to by other communities as Hassan (‘The Rise of Arab American Literature’ 248) reveals. As the study reveals, in a bid to change this situation, authors such as Abu-Jaber have come up with novels written in a form that would integrate the peculiarities of Arab literature with the mainstream American forms of writing as a way of finding acceptability in the American literary world. The study therefore provides a detailed review of the Arab literature using Abu-Jaber’s works as the basis of argument. Reading Arab American Literature America’s nature as a melting pot of culture is rich in different forms of literature that tend to identify with different groups. This diversity has been the only way for many different groups making up the American society to retrace their steps and curve out an identity for their society. As Majaj finds, by so doing, different communities in the American society have turned to literature as a way of expressing their culture and practices as well as a way of preserving the same for the future generations (69).Advertising Looking for dissertation on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The effect of a mosaic society is that the cultures of the groups in that society tend to fade with practices that are more acceptable across the board remaining firm as the only ways the society has for a common ground. Many writers in America have therefore focused their style of writing on what is perceived to be acceptable to their ethnic or racial communities as a way of selling or educating the larger society of their culture. The success of literary writers in society has therefore been pegged on the perception of the society on the community of the specific writer and its attitude towards the style of writing the writer will adapt (Hassan ‘Arab American Autobiography’ 9) because the levels of tolerance for different communities’ practices differ. In most instances, these practices are informed by culture. Strong and rigid culture has been known to attract resentment due to its nature of not conceding anything in exchange for acceptability. Acceptability of culture in society has always been hinged on the universality of the practices making up the culture as well as practices that are tolerable. T his one aspect about society has gone a long way to determine the acceptability of literary works in the American society. The different ethnic groups in the American society play a big role in promoting the works prepared by the members of their community through the numbers in the sales of books. Communities with big numbers tend to promote the sales of one of their own thus reflecting the outcome as a success. Minority groups can only attract sales from their own, which in the end will be too little to count. Therefore, the population number in the society of given communities counts so much when it comes to success in writing unless the writers’ work is not a reflection of the society from where they are coming. Arab American literature has gone through so many challenges since the first Arab writers started to publish works in the United States of America (Hassan ‘The Rise of Arab American Literature’ 247). To date, the Arab American literature is still in a state of transformation in such a way that it cannot be definitely defined.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Arab Diaspora in the USA in the Novels of Diana Abu-Jaber Arabian Jazz and Crescent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In her interview with Abu Jaber, Shalal notes that most Arab American writers have struggled to penetrate the American society beyond their communities because of literary, social, and political issues that have for a long time acted as an inhibition to their growth. Arab American literature comes across as work meant to preserve and defend a culture as well a society where most cultures have been melted together. The Arab American society has been defined along cultural, political, and religious lines, which have been resented by the larger American society (Orfaela 117). The need by the Arab Americans to maintain their culture has been expressed in their literary works thus becomin g a defining point of their work. This case has made it difficult for the larger society to be attracted to the work because it pursues a narrow community’s hegemonistic interests that may not be the interest of the whole society in general. The earliest Arab American publications were newspapers that leaned on religion, which in this case is Islam and politics in their countries of origin in the Middle East. Naaman indicates that this was all done with the belief that the Arab community will one day go back to its homeland and hence the need to preserve its Arab identity (267). The need therefore made this kind of literature a preserve for Arabs who would want to one day go back to their motherland. There is no way that the works would have elicited any interest in the larger American society or commanded acceptability. Reading Arab American literature requires one to first understand the Arabic cultural practices that provide the tone for the writings. Thus, without this un derstanding, one may not be able to understand the thoughts or messages as they are being delivered. Transformations in Arab American Literature The Arab American literature has gone through so many transformations for many years since its advent because the styles and themes employed were narrow in such a way that they were specifically meant to capture a specific audience, which was the Arab community. Therefore, according to Rana, the authors were whatsoever never interested in capturing an audience beyond their community thus leading to their works being limited in scope (548). The need to uphold a form of filial piety in their works led to the Arab American writers concentrating more on a writing tone touching on their culture and in turn simply making their writings look like an Arabic translation.Advertising Looking for dissertation on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The wider American society thrives on the independence of the mind and utmost liberty, which does not expect one’s mind to be tied by cultural beliefs and laws that act as a prohibition to being a creative mind. This case therefore made the Arab American literature produced by early generation Arab Americans seem more of a critique of the American society’s practices as Ludescher (96) finds. As the Arab American literature continued to grow, it grew to a sort of nostalgic tool that would be used for craving for home by the writers. The use of Arab tradition as a defining tool for Arab American literature was simply a way of reconnecting with their homeland by the writers thus making it difficult for their literature to find acceptability among the masses (Ludescher 103). On the other hand, the need to gain acceptability by the masses has led to a change in tact by Arab American writers. In fact, they have had to come up with works that resonate positively with the soci ety they live in because the acceptability of their works by publishers has been limited due to societal expectations and stereotypes that the larger society holds towards the Arab community. As Abu-Jaber confirms in an interview with Aljadid, her work has been limited largely concerning what is acceptable for publishing. She has been forced to edit and re-edit some of her works numerous times until they have lost the lustre the writer had intended for them (Shalal Para. 2). Arab American literature has always had two themes that are identifiable with their work. These themes are religion and politics back home. These two constitute the sensitive issues in the American society because the larger American society is always on the other side of the divide when it comes to matters touching on Arabic politics and religion. Therefore, Arab American writers have been inhibited with these factors whenever they want to express them in their literary works because most publishers would not w ant them expressed in their publications. More so, they would receive condemnation from the lager society (Shalal Para. 3). In search of acceptability, the Arab American literature has had to continuously transform itself over time with the hope that it would create resonance with the American society. Much still, most of the early generation Arab Americans are now gone. In their place, there is a new generation of Arab Americans born and brought up in America, and with distant roots and touch with their motherland. This group has most of its people identified as Arabs who cannot speak a word in Arabic. Just like the black community in America, all they know of their motherland is that it was where they originated but have no roots completely. This group is at last producing writers who do not have too much attachment to their Arabic culture but in essence trying to create a balance between the two communities to which they belong. Most of the young Arab American writers have been c ritical in their writing, a fact that has endeared them to the public. Their criticism though has been balanced in that they criticise both communities. Previous Arab American writers were reluctant to criticise their community because, being in a foreign land, they felt that it would be disloyal to disown their practices. This view according to Allen has not been so with young Arab American writers who do not feel compelled by the filial piety their customs demand (474). They tend to air their views in an American fashion. Their belonging to the American society has made them understand what the society wants to hear. The big challenges that the previous Arab American writers had can still be traced to the present-day upcoming writers. The issue of politics as well as religion in the Middle East can be described to be part of any Arab identity. Arabs of all generations passionately hold and express the views. The American publishers have not tolerated the criticism of Israel in the ir works since they will be otherwise branded anti Semitic, a fact, which would have much harsher implications from the American public, which has a substantive number of the Jewish population (Shalal Para. 2). Reading the Arab American literature therefore can be interesting in that the writers employ different forms of writing that they are hopeful will endear them to the public thus making the Arab American literature a form of mosaic that cannot be defined in one way. Challenges in Arab American Literature Different writers employ different styles that they hope will identify them as Arab Americans because no single writing style has established a foothold in the Arab American society. The continuous transformation of the styles can be attributed to a need to find a foothold. Therefore, according to Albakry and Siler, the latest style by younger Arab American writers that tends to be critical of their own society is just one of the ways that are being followed to find a standing point for the same (113). A critical point that should be noted about the Arab American literature and acceptability in society is the political situation around the world. Though the Arab American literature had started picking up, it was upset by the 9/11 events that have since opened new doors for alienation and stereotyping. Most Arab American writers have found it difficult to convince the literary world to look at them with a different eye thus extending the case to their work (Metres 3). The larger society tends to look at them with a suspicious eye thus resenting any form of writing that is defensive of the Arabic culture or one that seems to be promoting it. Reading the Arab American literature, one finds that more women dominate this field than would be expected of the Arabic culture. As Naaman points out, women have used Arab American literature to find their lost voice in a society that is believed to be patriarchal (269). It has been identified as one way that women ha ve found a platform to communicate their problems to the larger society, which for a long time has been shut out of the goings in the Arab society or which has been disinterested in the Arabic culture. The difference that comes out is that most Arab American male writers have tended to lean towards the status quo because they are the beneficiaries of the system at the end of the day. Cultural Integration Abu-Jaber has employed symbols in different ways in her novels to reveal the theme of culture. They can be identified in the way she has portrayed her subject and the main themes that come out of her work. The division of cultures is identifiable in this work. The motif here can be described as half-half experiences by the characters (Limpar 483). This technique is metaphorically presented in her work when she portrays her characters as belonging to two worlds to which they are torn apart in identifying with. In the Arabian Jazz, Matussem’s family is seen to belong to two wor lds that refuse to fuse comply. The characters are made to shed so much of either world to be accepted in one world. Nora complains of her life in Jordan where she suffers from gossip from other women. Her two worlds refuse to integrate completely because her American descendants granted her freedom while her new life as an Arab wife is meant to take away the free will (Limpar 485). Matussem too has a division of the two worlds when he marries an American wife. He learns and admires the American lifestyle thus ending up gravitating and finally relocating to America. Jemorah is a representation of two halves with one being an American half while the second one is an Arab half. These two halves are represented in her race as well as her culture whereby she cannot fully define herself as American nor Arab. Her origin and skin colour describe her as Arab while her home, the American home country, defines her by the American culture, which she is supposed to identify with. Jazz music too has been defined into a half- half. In the Arabian Jazz, the music whose origin is African American has been called Arabian jazz thus depicting it as being found in two worlds. Sirine who is the protagonist in The Crescent has also been depicted as belonging to two worlds. Thus, her existence is half – half. Her half Arab and half American have been used to show the confusion that Arab Americans face especially the young ones with very little connection to the Arab world. The American influence is so strong that it is difficult to ignore or simply do away with while the Arab influence too is strong and emanating from the family. The half–half world is full of confusion as the characters strive to fit in the two worlds while at the same time trying to find a sense of belonging. Abu Jaber’s book, ‘The Arabian Jazz’ strategically presents the theme of seeking self-identity for Arab Americans especially the immigrants. The author writes from an Arab-Am erican point of view by bringing out the situations that many Arab Americans experience in their live away from home. The Arabian Jazz explores the different ways Arab Americans have tried to integrate themselves into the American society. This integration has more so been driven by the need to find a new home and a sense of belonging now that circumstances have driven them away from home. The author has chosen fiction as the best way to bring out the story of the Arab American society in America because the use of fiction can allow her to expand her narration and include so many different experiences in one text (Cherif 215). Retelling a real life story sometimes limits the author to specifics that happened. This case might just inhibit the way the author wishes to tell the story. This argument reveals why Abu-Jaber in the Arabian Jazz has chosen to use fictitious characters to retell a story that so many Arab immigrants undergo (Hartman 160). Abu-Jaber uses music as a meeting poin t between two cultures that have a few commonalities in the American society. El-Hajj and Harb find that she uses jazz to marry the Arab and the African, American communities, which are known to be the owners of Jazz music (139). Due to the need to seek identity in a society that is racially prejudiced, the author portrays a society that is trying to find a starting point for its acceptability in a new civilisation. Matussem finds himself at a loss on what he should do to become fully acceptable as an American because the best linkage he had to the American society was his wife who is now demised. The picture of an Arab man trying to raise two daughters in a foreign culture makes the story more interesting to read. Abu-Jaber has fused the two cultures through music when she indicates in the book that the racial card used against Arabs made them try to find a definite group to identify with it. In this case, the issue of Arabs not being defined as white nor black leaves the character s in the book hanging in between therefore forcing them to find on their own the closest group they can identify with (Fadda-Conrey 189). Therefore, for not being white enough to be fully accepted to be white, the characters choose black as the group to be identified with as one that they seem to have common tribulations. Thus, jazz has been used to connect the two groups together as a form of identity search. Jazz in this case can be viewed as a metaphor to portray a person who identifies himself or herself with something he or she is not. Jemorah seeks to find her identity in this case. She settles for black as her identity because she is not acceptable as a white though her mother was white while her father was of the Arabic origin (Abu-Jaber ‘Arabian Jazz’ 294). Music as a Cultural Tool The author has used music to create a bridge between two communities. In this case, jazz has been chosen because it is the music originating from the black community, which the Arabs are leaning towards in search of their identity. While responding to her employer’s ridicule, Jemorah says that her paternal grandmother was black and that she used such roots to identify herself as black (Abu-Jaber ‘Arabian Jazz’ 295). Thus, this identity with blacks can only have a common ground in music because, at the end of the day, the Arabic and the black culture seem to have a distant meeting point. Music is sweet to the ears since it tends to attract attention from all. Music beats from any community are danceable by people from all societies without even understanding it. Therefore, the author’s employment of music as a platform for marrying the two cultures is a seamless way of integrating the Arab story into the American society without making it look foreign. The author has used music to integrate the Arab culture into the American culture in the conservative Arabic way. This strategy can be found in the choice of jazz as the music to integra te the two cultures. Arabic culture is very conservative in nature and hence the reason why Arab Americans have taken too long to integrate into the American society. On the other hand, jazz as music is acceptable across the board. Its appeal does not seem to offend conservative groups and hence its acceptability within the Arabic setting. Therefore, the choice specifically of jazz has been deliberate due to the need by the author to relate the black culture and the Arabic culture. The use of music also fuses well with Arab oral tradition, which is one of the ways the Arabs use to pass their culture down to the next generation. Thus, its use in this case cannot be viewed in the extreme of being just Arabic but as an entertainment topic. Therefore, music has been used in this book by the author to create a common ground between the Arab American community, the African American community and the larger white American community. More so, it fuses the Arab American community and the Afr ican American society. Food as a Cultural Tool Food has been used as a cultural symbol in the Arabian The Crescent as noted by Fadda-Conrey (194). Food for Sirine and Hanif is their private language since their words flow into eating (Abu-Jaber ‘The Crescent’ 266). Food in this case is a bridge that brings together the different communities not only the Arab communities. It can be defined as a unifying factor for foreigners seeking to create an identity of their own in a country where their race is prejudiced. Food is the common ground for others who wish to mix with other cultures. It is seen when the two police officers who love the Arab stew become identifiable with foreigners at the restaurant. It simply depicts them as different persons in their community who are also bended on affiliating with groups that are not their own. The Arab restaurant is a melting pot of culture. Arabs from different parts of the world are seen to come together and shed their ethnic and t ribal identities to adopt a single identity that they will further on be identified with while in a foreign country (Fadda-Conrey 189). Abu-Jaber employs the use of Arabic terms in her work thus giving it a tone that leaves the reader in a form of suspense. The suspense leads the reader to connect the meaning of the foreign words used in the text from the whole text thus drawing him or her to read further. Food has been used by Abu-Jaber to mean the glue that binds people. The closest the characters in The Crescent have come to have a common ground has been through food. The author has avoided the use of politics and religion as the common ground for her characters due to the reaction that these two subjects evoke when it comes to Arabs and America (Shakir 42). Therefore, the author has cleverly brought in the subject of food as a means of creating a ground where characters in the work meet. Food can be viewed here as a metaphor more than what it is, food. It can also be used to des cribe a form of ethnic belonging for a given group of people. The author has used it to bring together the different Arab groups from the East, West, South, and North. Around food, these people find a common ground since it depicts an emotional bonding session for a group of persons far away from their motherland (Bardenstein 165). The attachment that the characters have towards the traditional food means that they have failed to detach from their motherland. Longing for their motherland food can be construed to mean longing for their motherland. Though the characters in the stories are in America and are expected to be automatically Americanised, this case does not happen as so. Sirine can be viewed differently from other immigrants coming to the cafà © where she works. Whereas these other characters in The Crescent can be described as first generation immigrants, Sirine is not one because she was born and brought up in America. However, her attraction towards identifying with her motherland drives her to find work in an Arab restaurant. The confusion that she goes through makes her fail to get married until late when she meets her Arab crescent in the form of Hanif. Conflict in Need for Identity Abu Jaber’s work explores a situation in a society where two cultures are meeting despite their being incompatible. The American culture is full of freedom and liberal tones while the Arabic culture is full of conservatism and old order, which is affecting a generation of Arab American children who are torn between being Americans and fitting well in society or sticking to their Arab culture to live in the old order one. Matussem is divided on what to follow when he marries an American woman and/or when it comes to the need to follow his Arab roots. This division of thought drives him to leave for America after he falls for the American dream, which means freedom but which is opposite to what his mother would expect of him as an Arab. Therefore, he leaves his country to a place where as, Abu-Jaber puts it, â€Å"he could recreate himself† (‘Arabian Jazz’ 260). The characters in the book are divided on what identity to conform to since the forces around them seem too strong to betray. Fatima dissuades Jemorah from going back to Jordan- a country where she was brought up in and where the real Arab culture thrives because of her memories of suffering that she encountered. When she flashes back her life then and her life now in America, she finds America a better place to stay. The conflict is therefore brought in the mind of the characters on what to choose from between the two societies. They are torn between their two new cultures with one that takes away their freedom and the other one that restores the liberty. The Arab culture is discriminatory in this case because it gives men all the freedom. As Matussem’s aunt puts it, â€Å"a man could let himself fly into the world like an arrow† (Abu-Jaber †˜Arabian Jazz’ 99) meaning that men would be allowed to do anything as compared to women who would not be allowed to break any rules. In the Arabic culture therefore, women were the preservatives of culture as they were supposed to observe it strictly. In The Crescent, the main character (Sirine) is an Arab American who fails to psychologically accept the American culture thus choosing to uphold her Arabic culture. The dream of the character can be found in the Iraq exile Hanif with whom the character falls in love. Hanif can be described as Sirine’s crescent and an answer to Sirine’s cultural dilemma because Sirine refuses to be identified with the American culture fully. Her leaning towards her Arabic culture seems to be controlling her choices thus leading her to finally fall in love with a real Arab. While observing culture in the two books, the distinction that comes out is that the Arabian jazz tends to portray characters willing to be identified with the American culture while the crescent leans towards characters who are conservative wishing to preserve their culture as much. Food has been used in The Crescent as a symbol of unity and identity because it is believed to bring Arabs of different origins together to the cafà ©. The Role of an Arab Man The writer uses imagery in describing the Arab man as being like an arrow that shoots into the air to depict the amount of freedom that Arab men enjoy at the expense of their women. In the Arab setting, women are supposed to be obedient and submissive to their men. They are also not supposed to break any rules pertaining to their culture as depicted by Fatima when she describes men as having been born lucky. They can do whatever they want. They are not supposed to be reprimanded or criticised especially by women. Matussem has all the freedom to make decisions on where he wants to settle down. Thus, he goes away from his homeland to settle in America. Though he has chosen America as his new home, he is divided on whether to bring up his daughters the American way or bring them up strictly in the Arabic culture. This confusion shows the freedom men have in making their decisions and at the same time depicting the limitations they are supposed to put in a woman’s life (Albakry and Siler 112). Matussem according to his native Arabic culture is supposed to bring up his daughters in a purely Arabic manner though he is not tied by the same culture. By choosing to play jazz music, which is black American, the writer depicts the freedom of choice that Arabic men have in deciding their destiny. Matussem chooses jazz as a way of integrating himself into the American society though Jazz is a Black American music and not Arabic music. He could have chosen to play Arabic music if he wanted. However, due to the freedoms he has, like an arrow, he shot where his heart sent him. The Subject of Tragedy The author’s portrayal of Fatima is that of a custodian of the old order. Fatima is meant to represent the Arabic culture in its real form as traced to her views on the American culture. She was simply meant to come to America to keep an eye on Matussem so that he does not stray from his culture. The experiences that Fatima has gone through portray the patriarchal society that the Arab community is when she narrates her experiences as a young Arab girl, which include her witness to her sisters being buried so that Matussem being male is able to enjoy a better upbringing (Abu Abu-Jaber ‘The Crescent’ 119). The use of narration in this case with folklore opens up the closed Arab culture that a reader might not understand and make the reading of the work more interesting. The narration of Fatima’s experiences can be traced in the short lines that the author employs to create breaks in her narration giving it poetic sounds. Tragedy has been employed to narrate Fatima’s story and to further reinforce the picture that the auth or wishes to paint on the differences of the two communities. Fatima in this case is trying to run away from the memories of her childhood as well as those of her motherland, which haunt her. Therefore, to protect her fellow Arab woman who has not experienced the same from going through what she went through, she opens up her painful childhood secrets that have never given her peace. She narrates to Jemorah these scary childhood experiences as a way of dissuading Jemorah from going to Jordan. Conclusion The author Diana Abu-Jaber has been able to transcend the two cultures that she belongs to in the effort to come up with very strong literary work. The author has used her writing skills to paint the picture that Arab Americans especially the younger generation born in the United States of America go thorough in their pursuit of identity. Abakry and Jonathan find that, through her fictitious characters, the author has been able to construct the lifestyle of typical Arab Americans, th eir culture, as well as their challenges (118). The advantage that the author has is that she is able to narrate her stories from an insider’s point of view thus giving an almost true story or real life story. The Arabian Jazz can be directly related to herself because it is a reflection of what she has gone through in her life living as an Arab American in both Jordan and the United States of America. The mixing of literary styles has brought about uniqueness in her work. Abu-Jaber has employed both English and Arabic literary styles to give her stories. The story about Arabs in the United States of America can only be best told in a mixture of both Arabic and American context to capture the attention of the intended audience without losing the plot (Majaj 71). Most of the present Arab American population is made up of generation of Arab Americans who have loose connections to their heritage. In her interview with the Al Jadid paper, Abu-Jaber talks about a generation of Ara b Americans who can neither speak nor understand Farsi nor Arabic. Therefore, it would only be prudent for any writer targeting this group to factor in these issues. The contrast between Abu-Jaber and previous Arab American writers is that she chooses to write in English ostensibly to attract a bigger audience to her work. Works Cited Abu-Jaber, Diana. Arabian Jazz. New York: Norton and Company, 1993. Print. Abu-Jaber, Diana. The Crescent. New York: Norton and Company, 2003. Print. Albakry, Mohamed, and Jonanthan Siler. â€Å"Into Arab American Borderland: Bilingual Creativity in Rand JAR RAR’S Map of Home.† Arab Studies Quarterly 34.2(2012): 109-121. Print. Allen, Roger. â€Å"The Happy Traitor: Tales of Translation.† Comparative Literature Studies 47.4(2010): 472-486. Print. Bardenstein, Carol. â€Å"Beyond Univocal Baklava: Deconstructing Food as Ethnicity and the Ideology of Homeland in Diana Abu-Jaber the Language of Baklava.† Journal of Arabic Liter ature 41.1-2(2010): 160-179. Print. Cherif, Essayah. â€Å"Arab American Literature: Gendered Memory in Abinader and Abu Jaber.† MELUS 28.4(2003): 207-228. Print. El-Hajj, Hind, and Sirene Harb. â€Å"Strandling the Personal and the Political: Gendered Memory in Diana Abu Jaber’s Arabian Jazz.† MELUS 36.3(2011): 137-158. Print. Fadda-Conrey, Carol. â€Å"Arab American Literature in the Ethnic Borderland: Cultural intersections in Diana Abu Jaber’s Crescent.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 187-205. Print. Hartman, Mitchelle. â€Å"This Sweet/Sweet Music: Jazz, Sam Cooke and Reading Arab American Literary Identities.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 155-165. Print. Hassan, Wail. â€Å"Arab American Autobiography and Reinvention of Identity: Two Egyptian Negotiations.† Journal of Comparative Poetics 22.1(2002): 7-35. Print. Hassan, Wail. â€Å"The Rise of Arab American Literature: Orientalism and Cultural Translation in the Work of Ameen Rihani.† American L iterary History 20.12(2008): 245-275. Print. Limpar, Ildiko. â€Å"Narratives of Misplacement in Diana Abu Jaber’s Arabian Jazz, Crescent and Origin.† Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies 15.2(2009): 483-488. Print. Ludescher, Tanyss. â€Å"From Nostalgia to Critique: An Overview of Arab American Literature.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 93-114. Print. Majaj, Lisa. â€Å"Arab American Literature: Origins and Developments.† American Studies Journal 52.2(2008): 63-88. Print. Metres, Philip. â€Å"Arab American Literature after 9/11.† American Book Review 34.1(2012): 3-4. Print. Naaman, Mara. â€Å"Post Gibran: Antology of New Arab American Writing.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 266-271. Print. Orfaela, Gregory. â€Å"The Arab American Novel.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 115-133. Print. Rana, Swati. â€Å"The Production of Nativity in Early Syrian Immigrant Literature.† American Literature 833.3(2011): 547-570. Print. Shakir, Evelyn. â€Å"Mothers Milk: Women in Arab American Autobiography.† MELUS 15.4(1988): 39-50. Print. Shalal, Andera-Esa. Diana Abu-Jaber: The Only Resonse to Silence is to Keep Speaking, 2012. Web. www.aljadid.com/content/diana-abu-jaber-only-respnse This dissertation on Arab Diaspora in the USA in the Novels of Diana Abu-Jaber Arabian Jazz and Crescent was written and submitted by user Hazel Galloway to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Arab Diaspora in the USA in the Novels of Diana Abu Introduction The American society can be described as a melting pot of culture with different people of different nationalities with different cultures coming together to form a nation. The history of America depicts a continent that is sparsely populated by the Indian tribes of America who are the original residents of the continent and whose existence is in jeopardy due to assimilation.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Arab Diaspora in the USA in the Novels of Diana Abu-Jaber â€Å"Arabian Jazz† and â€Å"Crescent† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The dominance and identity of the different races in the American society can be attributed to the time of their arrival in America and their numbers as well thus giving them a strong position in being accepted in society. This issue has been the biggest challenge to the minority groups that came to America late, and whose numbers are still low com pared to other communities. Thus, they have tended to be made to look like outsiders in a country where their ancestors came and were buried. One minority group that has suffered the stigma of not being easily accepted in the society is the Arab group. Most of the Arabic people who have migrated to America have tended to stick to their culture thus further alienating themselves from the community that is so diverse. This trend has affected the reception of the Arab American literature and its acceptability in society because it ropes in their cultural practices and beliefs, which are not subscribed to by other communities as Hassan reveals (â€Å"The Rise of Arab American Literature† 248). According to the study, authors such as Abu-Jaber have come up with novels written in a form that integrate the peculiarities of Arab literature with the mainstream American forms of writing. It is also noteworthy that Hassan emphasises that there is no â€Å"systematic account of the birt h and development of a tradition† of Arab American literature (â€Å"The Rise of Arab American Literature† 245). The works by Abu-Jaber are pieces of fictional writing that focus on hardships of Arabic women and men who cannot fully integrate into the American society. The novels display the way Arabic immigrants tried to translate â€Å"the tongue of their hearth, of irrational, un-American passions† into the language which could be understood by those around them (Abu-Jaber 304). The study provides a detailed review of the Arab literature using Abu-Jaber’s works, Arabian Jazz and Crescent, as the basis of argument. Chapter 1 Reading Arab American Literature America’s nature as a melting pot of culture is rich in different forms of literature that tend to identify with different groups. This diversity has been the only way for many different groups making up the American society to retrace their steps and curve out an identity for their society.Adv ertising Looking for dissertation on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Majaj finds, by so doing, different communities in the American society have turned to literature as a way of expressing their culture and practices as well as a way of preserving the same for the future generations (69). The effect of a mosaic society is that the cultures of the groups in that society tend to fade with practices that are more acceptable across the board remaining firm as the only ways the society has for a common ground. Newcomers have to build their new lives in â€Å"a heavily assimilationist US context†, which makes it difficult to maintain their national and cultural identity (Majaj 63). Abu-Jaber tells the story of a variety of hardships Arabic women are exposed to. For instance, Sirine often â€Å"stops and wonders if what she’s saying makes any sense† (Crescent 61). The woman is not sure that she is able to fit into the American society as she thinks differently, as she pertains to a different culture. Clearly, people around her do not take pains to understand her way of thinking as it has long been expected that everyone should share American values. It is necessary to note that there are certain reasons for this lack of tolerance since several conflicts and existing tension between Arab countries and the US (and, of course, the aftermaths of the 9/11 attack) contributed to the development of â€Å"ethnopolitical consciousness† and marginalisation of Arabic immigrants in the US society (qtd. in Fadda-Conrey 189). Therefore, there are two worlds which are often in conflict, and people (Arabic immigrants) in-between, who try to start a new life and fit in maintaining their identity. Many writers in America have therefore focused their style of writing on what is perceived to be acceptable to their ethnic or racial communities as a way of selling or educating t he larger society of their culture. The success of literary writers in society has therefore been pegged on the perception of the society on the community of the specific writer and its attitude towards the style of writing the writer will adapt (Hassan â€Å"Arab American Autobiography† 9) because the levels of tolerance for different communities’ practices differ. In most instances, these practices are informed by culture. Strong and rigid cultures have been known to attract resentment due to its nature of not conceding anything in exchange for acceptability. Acceptability of culture in society has always been hinged on the universality of the practices making up the culture as well as practices that are tolerable. This one aspect about society has gone a long way to determine the acceptability of literary works in the American society. The different ethnic groups in the American society play a big role in promoting the works prepared by the members of their communit y through the numbers in the sales of books. Communities with big numbers tend to promote the sales of one of their own thus reflecting the outcome as a success.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Arab Diaspora in the USA in the Novels of Diana Abu-Jaber â€Å"Arabian Jazz† and â€Å"Crescent† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Minority groups often attract sales from their own, which in the end can be too little to count. Therefore, the population number in the society of given communities counts when it comes to success in writing unless the writers’ work is not a reflection of the society from where they are coming. Nevertheless, there are loads of exceptions to this trend as minority groups’ writings often attract attention of the entire American society. This is the case with Abu-Jaber’s writings. Thus, Field claims that Abu-Jaber’s Arabian Jazz was â€Å"warmly received by the American public† (208). Though, it is also necessary to note that some works face certain rejection or lack of understanding as publishers are reluctant to bring out books and require â€Å"sweeping changes† as they are afraid of low popularity of the book (Field 208). However, minority groups’ books are often received positively as Americans are becoming more tolerant. Arab American literature has gone through so many challenges since the first Arab writers started to publish works in the United States of America (Hassan â€Å"The Rise of Arab American Literature† 247). To date, the Arab American literature is still in a state of transformation in such a way that it cannot be defined. In her interview with Abu-Jaber, Shalal claims that most Arab American writers have struggled to penetrate the American society beyond their communities because of literary, social, and political issues that have for a long time acted as an inhibition to thei r growth. Arab American literature comes across as work meant to preserve and defend a culture as well as society where most cultures have been intermingled. Abu-Jaber is one of many writers who feel the need to tell about their experiences and to help others to cope with similar problems. More so, Abu-Jaber states that she also wrote her books to help young people of Arabic descend to learn more about their culture, to help them build â€Å"their own micro cultures† (qtd. in Shalal para 12). The writer creates a microcosm of fictional works which can guide young people searching for their identity. The Arab American society has been defined along cultural, political, and religious lines, which have been resented by the larger American society (Orfaela 117). The need by the Arab Americans to maintain their culture has been expressed in their literary works thus becoming a defining point of their work.Advertising Looking for dissertation on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This case has made it difficult for the larger society to be attracted to the work because it pursues a narrow community’s hegemonistic interests that may not be the interest of the whole society in general. Though, as has been mentioned above, the contemporary American society is steadily changing and Americans become more tolerant and they are ready, at least, to learn more about (if not to accept) different mind-sets and different cultures. The earliest Arab American publications were newspapers that leaned on religion, which in this case is Islam and politics in their countries of origin in the Middle East. Naaman indicates that this was all done with the belief that the Arab community would one day go back to its homeland and hence the need to preserve its Arab identity (267). The need therefore made this kind of literature a preserve for Arabs who would want to one day go back to their motherland. Reading Arab American literature requires one to first understand the Ara bic cultural practices that provide the tone for the writings and want to know more about this culture. Without this, one may not be able to understand the thoughts or messages as they are being delivered. Transformations in Arab American Literature The Arab American literature has gone through so many transformations for many years since its advent because the styles and themes employed were narrow in such a way that they were specifically meant to capture a specific audience, which was the Arab community, even though they were often written in English. Therefore, according to Rana, the authors were whatsoever never interested in capturing an audience beyond their community thus leading to their works being limited in scope (548). The need to uphold a form of filial piety in their works led to the Arab American writers concentrating more on a writing tone touching on their culture and in turn simply making their writings look like an Arabic translation. The wider American society t hrives on the independence of the mind and utmost liberty, which does not expect one’s mind to be tied by cultural beliefs and laws that act as a prohibition to being a creative mind. This case therefore made the Arab American literature produced by early generation Arab immigrants seem more of an attempt to perpetuate traditional Arab literature as Ludescher (96) finds. The use of Arab tradition as a defining tool for Arab literature was simply a way of reconnecting with their homeland by the writers thus making it difficult for their literature to find acceptability among the masses (Ludescher 103). However, younger generations had another view on the matter as they were â€Å"bred on the American ideals of liberty and progress† (Ludescher 95). Kahlil Gibran, Ameen Rihani and Mikhail Naimy were some of those Arab American writers who questioned Arabic conventions and claimed they were not applicable in the American society. Clearly, this does not mean those writers f orgot about their roots or tried to alienate themselves from Arabic culture. Nonetheless, they showed that Arab Americans were a part of the multi-ethnic American society. Abu-Jaber follows the path created at the beginning of the twentieth century and believes this approach is suitable for the twenty-first century. In fact, she and other Arab American writers have come up with works that resonate positively with the society they live in because the acceptability of their works by publishers has been limited due to societal expectations and stereotypes that the larger society holds towards the Arab community. As Abu-Jaber confirms in an interview with Shalal, her work has been limited largely concerning what is acceptable for publishing as the climate is often â€Å"simply not conducive to publishing a book about the expulsion of the Palestinians after the creation of the state of Israel† (Shalal Para. 3). She has been forced to edit and re-edit some of her works numerous tim es until they have lost the lustre the writer had intended for them (Shalal Para. 2). Arab American literature has always had two themes that are identifiable with their work. These themes are religion and politics back home. These two constitute the sensitive issues in the American society because the larger American society is always on the other side of the divide when it comes to matters touching on Arabic politics and religion. Therefore, Arab American writers have been inhibited with these factors whenever they want to express them in their literary works because most publishers would not want them expressed in their publications. More so, they would receive condemnation from the lager society (Shalal Para. 3). In search of acceptability , Arab American literature has had to continuously transform itself over time with the hope that it would create resonance with the American society. Much still, most of the early generation Arab Americans are now gone. In their place, there i s a new generation of Arab Americans born and brought up in America, and with distant roots and touch with their motherland. This group has most of its people identified as Arabs who cannot speak a word in Arabic. Just like any other descendants from minority groups, all they know of their motherland is that it was where they originated but have no roots completely. This group is at last producing writers who do not have too much attachment to their Arabic culture but in essence trying to create a balance between the two communities to which they belong. Most of the young Arab American writers have been critical in their writing of American culture or some of its conventions, a fact that has endeared them to the public. Their criticism though has been balanced in that they criticise both communities. Previous Arab American writers were reluctant to criticise their community because, being in a foreign land, they felt that it would be disloyal to disown their practices. This view acc ording to Allen has not been shared by young Arab American writers who do not feel compelled by the filial piety their customs demand (474). They tend to air their views in an American fashion. Their belonging to the American society has made them understand what the society wants to hear. Importantly, writers and young Arab Americans also want to write and read about it. They do not only seek to be accepted and integrated into the mainstream American culture. Noteworthy, Arab Americans have developed a new perception of their life in the USA. They have incorporated major values of both cultures in their understanding of the world and the way it should be. Abu-Jaber as well as other contemporary Arab American writers has managed to express (from the Arab American perspective) â€Å"a valuable message of understanding in a society founded upon a wealth of cultural combination† (Cherif 226). It is necessary to note that the American society is ready to accept this viewpoint and Americans are now eager to examine new ways of development of a truly multi-ethnic democratic society. The big challenges that the previous Arab American writers had can still be traced to the present-day upcoming writers. The issue of politics as well as religion in the Middle East can be described to be part of any Arab identity. Arabs of all generations passionately hold and express their views. Some American publishers have not tolerated the criticism of Israel in their works since they are afraid of being branded anti-Semitic, a fact, which would have much harsher implications from the American public, which has a substantive number of the Jewish population (Shalal Para. 2). Some publishers are reluctant to release books which can be disturbing or can cause negative reactions from any groups of people. Moreover, political tension between the US and Arab countries contributes to development of this trend. It is true that American society is now rather politicised and political discourse affects the way the entire society develops. For instance, the events after the 9/11 attack revealed abundance of prejudice which existed in the American Society. Americans became hostile to representatives of the Arabic world and Arab Americans were also perceived as aliens. However, at present, people are eager to face the diversity of the American society. Americans are ready to hear different voices and face the changes which are taking place. Arab American writers are raising questions which are already in the air. Arab Americans, other minority groups as well as the majority of Americans are trying to understand how to live in the world which is transforming. These people are trying to let alone political or economic terrains and focus on day-to-day life of Americans and Arab Americans. Admittedly, this leads to understanding and appreciation. Americans learn more about life of Arab Americans and understand they are very similar as their major values are the same. Ar ab Americans as wells as Americans strive for peaceful life in a society where people are not alienated or discriminated. Moreover, Arab Americans and Americans are now ready to be more open and try to cooperate with each other, not only co-exist within certain area. Reading the Arab American literature therefore can be interesting in that the writers employ different forms of writing that they are hopeful will endear them to the public thus making the Arab American literature a form of mosaic that cannot be defined in one way. Challenges in Arab American Literature Different writers employ different styles that they hope will identify them as Arab Americans because no single writing style has established a foothold in the Arab American society. The continuous transformation of the styles can be attributed to a need to find a foothold. Therefore, according to Albakry and Siler, the latest style by younger Arab American writers that tends to be critical of their own society is just o ne of the ways that are being followed to find a standing point for the same search of their identity (113). Admittedly, these young are not Arabic as they have already been brought up on somewhat different values, or rather on a broader set of values. These people have adopted many ways accepted in the American society. This does not signify their rejection of their identity or their eagerness to forget about their roots. They have been surrounded by different systems of values, Arabic (coming from their parents and relatives) and American (coming from their friends, teachers, neighbours, partners, etc.). They feel they cannot blindly adopt Arabic values which make sense in the Arabic world but are somewhat limited in the western world. These young writers are not already in-between the two world, they are becoming parts of the global multi-ethnic community. They are more open as Americans and all western people, but they are also devoted to their culture, language and identity as any Arabic individual. A critical point that should be noted about the Arab American literature and acceptability in society is the political situation around the world. Though the Arab American literature had started picking up, it was upset by the 9/11 events that have since opened new doors for alienation and stereotyping. Most Arab American writers have found it difficult to convince the literary world to look at them with a different eye thus extending the case to their work (Metres 3). The larger society tends to look at them with a suspicious eye thus resenting any form of writing that is defensive of the Arabic culture or one that seems to be promoting it. Reading the Arab American literature, one finds that more women dominate this field than would be expected of the Arabic culture. As Naaman points out, women have used Arab American literature to find their lost voice in a society that is believed to be patriarchal (269). And Arab American community is still rather patriar chal as even though they have adopted a lot of American values, some families still cherish their ancestors’ values when it comes to gender roles. For instance, Abu-Jaber reveals hardships of Arabic women living in the Arabic world through the character of Fatima who is strongly attached to patriarchal values of her homeland. She stresses that it is really hard to be a woman who should be devoted to the man in the family. Thus Fatima sees the only way out, i.e. to â€Å"have husband to survive on the planet of earth† (Abu-Jaber Arabian Jazz 117). Hence, the writer shows that even among Arab Americans there are families where females are somewhat marginalised within a family, though younger generations still find their ways to build their families in accordance with their new Arab American values. It has been identified as one way that women have found a platform to communicate their problems to the larger society, which for a long time has been shut out of the goings i n the Arab society or which has been disinterested in the Arabic culture. The difference that comes out is that most Arab American male writers have tended to lean towards the status quo because they are the beneficiaries of the system at the end of the day. However, now lots of influential male intellectuals are supporting Arab American feminists as they have also adopted many values of the western society (Cherif 214). This can be a great stride forward as Arab American literature will not be divided into male and female writing. Both groups will shed light on complexities of Arab American integration into the American society providing insights into different aspects of the issue. Works Cited Abu-Jaber, Diana. Arabian Jazz. New York: Norton and Company, 1993. Print. Abu-Jaber, Diana. The Crescent. New York: Norton and Company, 2003. Print. Albakry, Mohamed, and Jonanthan Siler. â€Å"Into Arab American Borderland: Bilingual Creativity in Rand JAR RAR’S Map of Home.† Arab Studies Quarterly 34.2(2012): 109-121. Print. Allen, Roger. â€Å"The Happy Traitor: Tales of Translation.† Comparative Literature Studies 47.4(2010): 472-486. Print. Bardenstein, Carol. â€Å"Beyond Univocal Baklava: Deconstructing Food as Ethnicity and the Ideology of Homeland in Diana Abu-Jaber the Language of Baklava.† Journal of Arabic Literature 41.1-2(2010): 160-179. Print. Cherif, Essayah. â€Å"Arab American Literature: Gendered Memory in Abinader and Abu Jaber.† MELUS 28.4(2003): 207-228. Print. El-Hajj, Hind, and Sirene Harb. â€Å"Strandling the Personal and the Political: Gendered Memory in Diana Abu Jaber’s Arabian Jazz.† MELUS 36.3(2011): 137-158. Print. Fadda-Conrey, Carol. â€Å"Arab American Literature in the Ethnic Borderland: Cultural intersections in Diana Abu Jaber’s Crescent.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 187-205. Print. Hartman, Mitchelle. â€Å"This Sweet/Sweet Music: Jazz, Sam Cooke and Reading Arab American Lite rary Identities.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 155-165. Print. Hassan, Wail. â€Å"Arab American Autobiography and Reinvention of Identity: Two Egyptian Negotiations.† Journal of Comparative Poetics 22.1(2002): 7-35. Print. Hassan, Wail. â€Å"The Rise of Arab American Literature: Orientalism and Cultural Translation in the Work of Ameen Rihani.† American Literary History 20.12(2008): 245-275. Print. Limpar, Ildiko. â€Å"Narratives of Misplacement in Diana Abu Jaber’s Arabian Jazz, Crescent and Origin.† Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies 15.2(2009): 483-488. Print. Ludescher, Tanyss. â€Å"From Nostalgia to Critique: An Overview of Arab American Literature.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 93-114. Print. Majaj, Lisa. â€Å"Arab American Literature: Origins and Developments.† American Studies Journal 52.2(2008): 63-88. Print. Metres, Philip. â€Å"Arab American Literature after 9/11.† American Book Review 34.1(2012): 3-4. Print. Naaman, M ara. â€Å"Post Gibran: Antology of New Arab American Writing.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 266-271. Print. Orfaela, Gregory. â€Å"The Arab American Novel.† MELUS 31.4(2006): 115-133. Print. Rana, Swati. â€Å"The Production of Nativity in Early Syrian Immigrant Literature.† American Literature 833.3(2011): 547-570. Print. Shakir, Evelyn. â€Å"Mothers Milk: Women in Arab American Autobiography.† MELUS 15.4(1988): 39-50. Print. Shalal, Andera-Esa. Diana Abu-Jaber: The Only Resonse to Silence is to Keep Speaking, 2012. Web. www.aljadid.com/content/diana-abu-jaber-only-respnse This dissertation on Arab Diaspora in the USA in the Novels of Diana Abu-Jaber â€Å"Arabian Jazz† and â€Å"Crescent† was written and submitted by user PrinceofOrphans to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Marks and Spencer 2009-2010 Financial Analysis This report aims to perform a financial analysis of Marks and Spencers, between 2009 and 2010. Generally, a companys financial statements reflect a certain period of changes in financial position and operating results. Thus, by analyzing the companys financial statements will be able to operate throughout of a basic understanding with its strength, financial adaptability and performance of company. As the annual report is provided information and content to all ranges of users, which includes the companys existing shareholders, potential investors, creditors, government and the nature of other users. Therefore different users of accounts may concentrate in only a few important parts of accounting data and business information. Ratios To compare the revenues across two years, MS has gained 9062.1m in 2009 and then growing to 9536.6m in 2010. 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Short-term liquidity refers to the ability of companies to repay short-term debt.  Short-term solvency deficiency, not only will affect the credit, increasing the future cost and difficulty of raising funds, but also enables companies in financial crisis, or even bankruptcy.   The impact of internal factors Profitability  is  the core  concern  in all aspects, as well as  the key to success. Hence, only profitable companies can survive and achieve long-term sustainable business.  This is the reason whether investors or  creditors are both reflected very seriously in  the rate of  profitability of the business.  Views at 3 April, 2010, group revenues were increased 5.2% to 9.5bn, this is benefited from the growth of market share in the clothing and food market conditions improve. Based on UK sales of 2.9% and international sales of 5.7% increase, from the Singer Capital Markets analyst, Matthew McEachran, said MS non-food business has a good performance to some extent offset by a large-scale impact of profit sharing, making the companys annual earnings expectations basically reached the outside world.   Firstly, as a result of improving consumer confidence has seen the clothing market return to growth. Womenswear value market share grown to 10.7%, due to MS seems expanded their focus group of all ages and lifestyles. Chairman of MS, Stuart Rose said: In the past year, we achieved all the core areas of performance improvement, reflecting MS has a good brand influence. In bringing the company out of  economic crisis, we focus on the factors that consumers care about, namely, quality and value. At the same time, the economic outlook as consumers is still worried about a certain degree, so we are also cautious about the operation of current fiscal year. Therefore by way of retain their position as market leaders, it needs to deliver clothing for Every Women, Every Time. Which means every customer can have the product they want, in the right size, color and style every time when they shop in MS. Furthermore, lingerie has grown volume market share to 18.9% and value market share to 25.9%. This significant indicate that one out of four women buying MS underwear. This gain benefits continued emphasis on innovation and provides lingerie solutions women want. Similarly for menswear and kidswear, in order to become fashionability, MS has more focused on improving the style and designs, putting effort on deliver the best quality. Secondly, food sales of MS is another main revenue income, there was increased 1.8% to 4.3bn in 2010. One of the reasons is deflation with falling food prices and customers were buying more. According to MS annual report shows share of the apparel market in the UK rose 0.3% to reach 11.2%.  At the same time, with the level of consumer spending recovery, all branches of MSs sales are to achieve growth.   Since the summer of 2007 MS achieved comparable sales growth for the first time. However, despite the implementation of price-cutting strategy, MSs market share from 3.9% to 3.8%.   Shop Your Way is another reason of changes in profitability. It is a new ordering service, allowing customers either shop in stores, place orders online or over the phone. This makes an advantage that increasing the efficiency, delivered a strong performance, hence, sales grown by 27% to 413.3m. During 2009/10 international sales were up 5.7%, accounting for 10.2% of total revenues. Although it is hard trading in the Republic of Ireland and Greece, MS  insists international growth plans. India and China  considered as two key regions  overseas expansion.  As India  are convinced that  with  the tremendous  economic  development,  in the next  5-10  years,  there will be a large number of  middle class appear  in the community,  and they  will become  MSs  potential customers. The reason  placed such  high expectations  on overseas markets,  due to the  financial crisis  of this  hundred years old  business  in the local  enormous challenges encountered.  Because of  customers  are choosing  cheaper cost goods supermarket such as TESCO  and o ther  procurement,  caused MS  this past  Christmas  sales  worst  since 1998,  the year,  MS was forced to close  up more than 25  franchised  food  supermarkets and  lay off  thousands. Viewing the clothing market trends in China, MS seem to underestimate the Shanghai consumers fashion needs. According to the survey of Financial Times, consumers were disappointed with MS selling the old fashion of T shirt. Similarly as Daily Mail survey, most of the female consumers thought the only items MS worth buying is lingerie. And other clothes are too old and boring, prices also expensive with little choice. From the above reflects the consumers point of view, MS clothing market in China is still in a position of British middle-aged level, they did not know the elderly in China has been spending very little on clothes, even though they chose are the cheaper ones. Therefore in order to b uild a platform of long term growth, MS is continuing international expansion. Ensure creating sustainable business in these countries; represent a great opportunity for MS. However, on the premise of that, plan for regional variations and accurately stock with right colors and sizes are important. At present  there are more than  30 countries  around the world  with approximately  760  branches  of MS,  became  the most representative of  the UK  chain stores  and clothing  retailers.  In the global  environment from being damaged  under the impact, MS in  November 2007  implement a 5 years eco-plan called PLAN A to  cope with climate change  and other environmental  conservation issues  and the implementation of  waste reduction,  conservation of natural resources,  fair trade, etc.  to create  the correct  concept of environmental protection  of the  health  state.  In 2010  the scheme  had already reached  five main  objectives which are become carbon neutral, send no waste to landfill, extend sustainable sourcing, help improv e the lives of people in supply chain and help customers and employees  live a healthier life-style. 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According to the choice of partners, to promote social responsibility, health view on behalf of the establishment, removal of unhealthy products, able to recognition MS to improve the environment, green determination and enthusiasm. As a result, PLAN A gained 50m additional profit for MS. Ensure MS become succeeds, governance also affect the profitability. Focus on how to get things right across the business during 2009/10, a trusted brand, strong leadership, clear plan, motivated employees and delighted customers as well as right checks and balances. 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